H3bo3

Overnight cultures were grown in 5 ml Luria broth media containing appropriate antibiotics. Antibiotic concentrations were as follows: kanamycin (50 μg ml⁻¹; IBI Scientific), ampicillin (200 μg ml⁻¹; Fisher BioReagents), tetracycline (20 μg ml⁻¹; Fisher BioReagents) and spectomycin (50 μg ml⁻¹). IBA production was carried out with M9P medium, consisting of M9 medium (33.7 mM Na₂HPO₄, 22 mM KH₂PO₄, 8.55 mM NaCl, 9.35 mM NH₄Cl, 1 mM MgSO₄ and 0.1 mM CaCl₂; BD Bacto); 5 g l⁻¹ yeast extract (BD Bacto); 50 g l⁻¹ glucose (Fisher BioReagents); and 1,000-fold dilution of A5 trace metal mix (2.86 g H₃BO₃ (Fisher Chemical), 1.81 g MnCl₂·4H₂O (Alfa Aesar), 0.079 g CuSO₄·5H₂O (Sigma-Aldrich) and 49.4 mg Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (Sigma-Aldrich) per liter water). Optical densities (OD) were measured at 600 nm with a Synergy H1 hybrid plate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc.).

All chemicals used are commercially available and were used without further purification: glycerol (≥99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich), KOH (≥85%, Sigma-Aldrich), Ni(NO₃)₂•6H₂O (Sigma-Aldrich), KNO₃ (99%, Alfa Aesar), H₃BO₃ (99.8%, Alfa Aesar), K₂SO₄ (≥99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich), 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (Sigma-Aldrich, pharmaceutical standard), DL-glyceraldehyde (≥90%, Sigma-Aldrich), DL-glyceric acid (20% in water, TCI), glycolic acid (99%, Sigma-Aldrich), glycolaldehyde dimer (Sigma-Aldrich), oxalic acid (99.999%, Sigma-Aldrich), tartronic acid (97%, Thermo Scientific), sodium β-hydroxypyruvate hydrate (≥97.0%, Sigma-Aldrich), sodium mesoxalate monohydrate (≥98.0%, Sigma-Aldrich), sodium formate (≥99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich). Deionized water (Barnstead E-pure water purification system, resistivity >18 MΩ cm) was used to prepare all solutions.

H₃PO₄ (85 wt %, Fisher Scientific), NaNO₂ (>99 wt %, Fisher
Scientific), UO₂(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O (Merck KGaA), HCl (37 wt %, VWR Chemicals), H₂O₂ (35 wt %, Carl Roth GmbH), KMnO₄ (>99
wt
%, Fisher Scientific), NaOH (97 wt %, VWR Chemicals), NaNO₃ (99.5 wt %, Grüssing GmbH), HF (40 wt %, Merck KGaA), H₃BO₃ (99.9 wt %, Alfa Aesar), Na₂CO₃ (99.5 wt %, Grüssing GmbH), NaHCO₃ (99
wt %, Grüssing GmbH), and HNO₃ (super quality 69
wt %, Carl Roth GmbH) were applied as purchased. Ultrapure water (18.2
MΩ cm, arium pro, Sartorius) was used in all experiments.

N/S- and B-doped graphene were prepared with a GO suspension (1.0 g L⁻¹) and thiourea, CH₄N₂S (99%, Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA) [46 (link)], or boric acid, H₃BO₃ (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) [40 (link)], as N/S or B precursors, respectively by hydrothermal reduction [47 (link)]. The GO: Precursor ratio was selected as 1:10, in agreement with the optimized value in a previous study [46 (link)]. In a typical synthesis, an appropriate amount of thiourea or H₃BO₃ was dissolved into 60 mL of GO suspension and stirred for 10 min followed by sonication for 15 min. The above mixture was placed into a 100 mL Teflon vessel and sealed in a stainless-steel autoclave (Parr Instruments, Moline, IL, USA, Mod. 4748) to perform a hydrothermal treatment in an oven at 180 °C for 12 h. The resultant materials were washed with distilled water and exchanged with tert-butanol for 48 h. Finally, the freeze-drying process was used to remove the solvent (20 h). The materials were labelled as rGONS or rGOB when using thiourea or boric acid as precursors, respectively. The rGO material was also synthetized with comparative purposes, following the same procedure but without the addition of thiourea or boric acid.

All solutions were prepared
by mass, using an analytical balance with an uncertainty of ±1
× 10^–4 g (Denver Instrument Co. Model AA-200).
The reagents used were H₃BO₃ (Acros Organics,
99.99%), Na₂SO₄ (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥99.0%),
and Li₂SO₄·H₂O (Sigma-Aldrich,
99.0% dry basis). Boric acid, sodium sulfate, and lithium sulfate
were dried to constant weight in an oven at 60, 100, and 120 °C,
respectively. Distilled and deionized water produced with a Milli-Q
Plus apparatus (Millipore Bedford, MA, USA) was used in all procedures.

The sensitivity to heat was determined by incubating phage suspension (10⁸ pfu/ml) in phage buffer at various temperatures (40, 50, 60, 70, and 80°C) for 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. Chloroform sensitivity was determined by the incubation of equal volumes of phage suspension (10⁸ pfu/ml) and chloroform for 1 and 24 h at 4°C with intermittent shaking. The pH stability was tested by incubation of 100 μl of phage suspension (10⁸ pfu/ml) in 900 μl of universal buffer at pH range 2–12 (150 mM KCl, Janssen Chimica, Geel, Belgium; 10mM KH₂PO₄, VWR International, Leuven, Belgium; 10mM sodium citrate, Acros Organics; 10mM H₃BO₃, Acros Organics; adjusted to pH 1 to 13 with NaOH, or HCl). Phage titer was assessed after 1h incubation at room temperature. After incubation at the different conditions, the phage titer was assessed as previously described.