Hydrobromic acid

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, Belgium, United Kingdom

Hydrobromic acid is a clear, colorless, fuming, and corrosive liquid. It is a strong mineral acid composed of hydrogen and bromine. The core function of hydrobromic acid is to provide a source of bromine ions for various chemical reactions and processes.

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Lab products found in correlation

11 protocols using hydrobromic acid

Synthesis and Characterization of Radiolabeled Compounds

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Solvents and reagents were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich or Thermo Fisher Scientific and used as received unless
otherwise noted. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and n-hexane
were dried over sodium prior to use. Diethyl ether was distilled to
remove the stabilizer. Dry N,N-dimethylformamide
(DMF) over molecular sieves, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and hydrobromic
acid were purchased from Acros. Prior to use, DMF was degassed by
three freeze–pump–thaw cycles to remove residual dimethyl
amine. Diphosgene and sarcosine were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Neopentylamine
was purchased from TCI Europe. Isopropylamine (Sigma-Aldrich) was
dried over sodium hydroxide and fractionally distilled on molecular
sieves. l-Glutamic acid 5-benzyl ester was purchased from
ORPEGEN Peptide Chemicals GmbH, and 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine
was obtained from Carbosynth. (E)-Cyclooct-4-en-1-yl
(3-aminopropyl)carbamate (trans-cyclooctene-amine
HCl salt) was purchased from Jena Bioscience GmbH. Deuterated solvents
were obtained from Deutero GmbH (Kastellaun). Milli-Q water (Millipore)
with a resistance of 18.2MΩ and TOC < 3 ppm was used throughout
the experiments. [¹¹¹In]InCl₃ in hydrochloric
acid was purchased from Mallinckrodt Medical B.V. Compounds 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 were synthesized as previously described.^{27 (link),46 (link),47 (link),55 (link),56 (link)}

Stéen E.J., Jørgensen J.T., Johann K., Nørregaard K., Sohr B., Svatunek D., Birke A., Shalgunov V., Edem P.E., Rossin R., Seidl C., Schmid F., Robillard M.S., Kristensen J.L., Mikula H., Barz M., Kjær A, & Herth M.M. (2019). Trans-Cyclooctene-Functionalized PeptoBrushes with Improved Reaction Kinetics of the Tetrazine Ligation for Pretargeted Nuclear Imaging. ACS Nano, 14(1), 568-584.

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Continuous Flow Bromine Generation

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The reactor was constructed according to the scheme presented in Figure 1. All connections were poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) T-mixers and Luer lock adapters, as polyether ether ketone (PEEK) gets easily degraded by Br₂. All tubing was polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and had, unless stated otherwise, an internal diameter (ID) of 1 mm.
Hydrobromic acid was bought in a 48 w% solution in water from Acros Organics, and sodium hypochlorite in a 13% active chlorine solution in water from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH, USA), but both were titrated (acid-base and iodometric), since the exact concentration can differ from the labeled one, especially for NaOCl. This concentration also diminishes over time, even when refrigerated. Anhydrous Na₂SO₃ was bought from Fisher Scientific and a stock solution was made in water (200 g/L).

Van Kerrebroeck R., Naert P., Heugebaert T.S., D’hooghe M, & Stevens C.V. (2019). Electrophilic Bromination in Flow: A Safe and Sustainable Alternative to the Use of Molecular Bromine in Batch. Molecules, 24(11), 2116.

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Synthesis of Lead and Antimony Compounds

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Denatured ethanol (Beantown Chemicals), lead iodide (99%, Acros Organics), lead bromide (>98%, Acros Organics), antimony iodide (99.90%, STREM Chemicals), 1,10-phenanthroline (99%, Acros), hydroiodic acid (47% aqueous, Beantown Chemicals), hydrobromic acid (33% in glacial acetic acid, Acros Organics) and hydrochloric acid (37% aqueous, VWR chemicals) were purchased from commercial sources and used without further purification.

Keerthisinghe N., Christian M.S., Berseneva A.A., Morrison G., Klepov V.V., Smith M.D, & zur Loye H.C. (2022). Investigation of Metastable Low Dimensional Halometallates. Molecules, 27(1), 280.

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Synthesis and Characterization of FDOPA

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For preparation of FDOPA the 6-trimethylstannyl-L-DOPA precursor was purchased from ABX (Germany). Dry chloroform >99 % for spectroscopy stabilized with amylene (stored on molecular sieves) and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate p.a. were obtained from Acros (Belgium) and 47 % hydrobromic acid, 25 % ammonia and diammonium hydrogenphosphate p.a. from Merck (Germany). A sterile solution for injection of ascorbic acid (100 mg/ml) was purchased from Centrapharm (Netherlands). A sterile 0.1 M sodium acetate solution, pH 4.7, was prepared in the hospital pharmacy. Reference compounds for calibration curves of FDOPA, L-DOPA and 6-hydroxy-DL-DOPA were purchased from respectively ABX (Germany) and Sigma Aldrich (Netherlands), HPLC supra gradient acetonitrile, used as solvent for LC-MS analysis, was obtained from Biosolve (Netherlands), ~98 % formic acid was bought from Fluka (Netherlands) and LC-MS grade water (>18.2 MΩ) was purchased from the Department of Clinical pharmacy & Pharmacology, UMCG. The reference compound leucine encephalin for calibration of the MS detector was purchased from Merck (Germany). For calibration of the MS, a solution was prepared of 200 μL 10 % formic acid, 100 μL 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (Merck, Germany) and 20 ml 80 % acetonitrile in water.

Luurtsema G., Boersma H.H., Schepers M., de Vries A.M., Maas B., Zijlma R., de Vries E.F, & Elsinga P.H. (2016). Improved GMP-compliant multi-dose production and quality control of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA. EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry, 1, 7.

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Synthesis and Purification of Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskites

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Lead (II) acetate trihydrate (99.0–103%), lead (II) chloride (reagent grade, 99%), hydrobromic acid 47% in water, hydroiodic acid 57% in water (stabilized with 1.5% hypophosphorous acid), methylamine 40% in water were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Hydrochloric acid 37% in water was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The compounds were synthesized as powders according to literature procedure20 . In the case of MAPbCl₃ a quantity of 37% HCl double with respect to literature procedure was necessary to dissolve the solid PbCl₂. All the syntheses gave crystalline precipitates that were collected on a Büchner funnel under suction. In the case of MAPbI₃ the filtration was performed while the solution was still hot (T > 45–50 °C) to avoid the formation of (MA)₄PbI₆∙2H₂O21 . After filtration, the solids were left under suction for at least 30 min to let them dry. MAPbCl₃ and MAPbBr₃ were then washed with acetone to remove the last traces of the mother solutions and left under suction for additional 30 min. The washing with acetone was not possible in the case of MAPbI₃, which immediately decomposes in contact with the solvent, probably because of the traces of water present in the same. So after drying under suction, it was purified by keeping it in vacuum at 100 °C overnight.

Brunetti B., Cavallo C., Ciccioli A., Gigli G, & Latini A. (2016). On the Thermal and Thermodynamic (In)Stability of Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskites. Scientific Reports, 6, 31896.

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Synthesis of Chiral Bismuth Halide Complexes

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(R)-(+)-1-Phenylethylamine
((R)-1-PEA, >99%), (S)-(−)-1-phenylethylamine
((S)-1-PEA, >99%), N,N′-dimethylformamide (DMF, anhydrous, 99.9%), bismuth(III)
bromide (BiBr₃, 99.9%), and hydrobromic acid (HBr, 48 wt
%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Single crystals of [((R)-C₈H₁₂N)₄][Bi₂Br₁₀] [(R)-1] and
[((S)-C₈H₁₂N)₄][Bi₂Br₁₀] [(S)-1] were grown through a slow evaporation method. BiBr₃ (0.8
× 10^–3 mol, 0.359 g) and (R)- or (S)-1-phenylethylamine (1.6 × 10^–3 mol, 0.206 mL) were dissolved in 6 mL of a 48% HBr
aqueous solution. After heating at 60 °C for 20 min, the solution
mixtures were slowly cooled to room temperature. Yellow crystals of
compounds (R)-1 and (S)-1 were grown in 2 days as the solvent was slowly evaporated.
Thin films of chiral compounds were prepared on square quartz plate
substrates with a transmittance of 80% or more at low-wavelength (250
nm) regions. First, the substrate was ultrasonically treated with
isopropyl alcohol for 10 min, and the substrate surface was further
treated with oxygen plasma for 15 min. Crystals of compounds (R)-1 and (S)-1 were then dissolved in DMF to prepare the precursor solutions (20
wt %). Films were spin-coated on the clean substrates by taking 30
μL of the precursor solutions. The rate of the spin coater reached
2000 rpm in 2 s and the coating time was 30 s. The coated films were
annealed at 80 °C for 10 min with a hot plate.

Moon T.H., Oh S.J, & Ok K.M. (2018). [((R)-C8H12N)4][Bi2Br10] and [((S)-C8H12N)4][Bi2Br10]: Chiral Hybrid Bismuth Bromides Templated by Chiral Organic Cations. ACS Omega, 3(12), 17895-17903.

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Synthesis of Lead Halide Perovskites

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Formamidine acetate, lead bromide (PbBr₂, > 98%) and hydrobromic acid (48 wt% in water) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Kermel. All compounds were used without any further purification.

Zhang F., Yang B., Zheng K., Yang S., Li Y., Deng W, & He R. (2018). Formamidinium Lead Bromide (FAPbBr3) Perovskite Microcrystals for Sensitive and Fast Photodetectors. Nano-Micro Letters, 10(3), 43.

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Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds

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N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.9%), thionyl chloride (SOCl₂, 99%), bromine solution (Br₂, 99.5%), triphenylamine (TPA, 98%), hydrobromic acid (HBr, 48%), benzophenone (99%), triethylamine (Et₃N, 99.5%), dichloromethane (DCM), methanol (MeOH), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone, hydrochloric acid solution (HCl, 12 M), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (99%), and sodium carbonate (NaCO₃, 99.5%) were purchased commercially from Alfa Aesar (Lancashire, UK), Acros (Fukuoka, Japan), and Sigma–Aldrich (Burlington, MA, USA). 1,3,6,8-tetraethynylpyrene (Py-T), and 1,1,2,2-tetrakis(4-ethynylphenyl)ethene (TPE-T) were synthesized according to previously reported procedures [19 (link),41 (link)].

Mohamed M.G., Mansoure T.H., Samy M.M., Takashi Y., Mohammed A.A., Ahamad T., Alshehri S.M., Kim J., Matsagar B.M., Wu K.C, & Kuo S.W. (2022). Ultrastable Conjugated Microporous Polymers Containing Benzobisthiadiazole and Pyrene Building Blocks for Energy Storage Applications. Molecules, 27(6), 2025.

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Synthesize 1,6-Diaminohexane Derivatives

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1,6-Diaminohexane
(H₂N(CH₂)₆NH₂, ≥98%),
lead(II) bromide (PbBr₂, ≥98%), bromine liquid (Br₂, 99.8%), and hydrobromic acid (HBr, 48%, w/w aqueous solution)
were purchased from Alfa Aesar. All chemicals were directly used without
further purification.

Yang L.J., Xuan W., Webster D., Jagadamma L.K., Li T., Miller D.N., Cordes D.B., Slawin A.M., Turnbull G.A., Samuel I.D., Chen H.Y., Lightfoot P., Dyer M.S, & Payne J.L. (2023). Manipulation of the Structure and Optoelectronic Properties through Bromine Inclusion in a Layered Lead Bromide Perovskite. Chemistry of Materials, 35(10), 3801-3814.

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Synthesis of Organohalide Perovskites

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Cs₂CO₃ (99%), TeO₂ (≥99%), methylamine solution (MA, 40 wt % in H₂O), hydriodic acid (HI, 57% wt % in H₂O), dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO, anhydrous, ≥99.9%), and tetrabutylammonium
hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF₆) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich;
hydrobromic acid (HBr, 47–49% wt % in H₂O) was purchased
from Alfa Aesar and N,N-dimethylformamide
(DMF) was purchased from SERVA. Dichloromethane (DCM, ≥99.8%),
diethyl ether (≥99.5%), and acetonitrile (≥99.8%) were
purchased from Fisher Scientific. ITO substrates were purchased from
Luoyang GULUO Glass Co., LTD. All the materials (except ITO) and solvents
were used as received.

Liu Y., Yao Y., Zhang X., Blackman C., Perry R.S, & Palgrave R.G. (2023). Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation in Tellurium Iodide Perovskites during Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 15(30), 37069-37076.

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