All patients were requested to drink 800–1000 mL of water on an empty stomach to attain sufficient gastric distension before CT examination. Two 64-slice spiral CT scanners (Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany; or Philips Medical Systems, Cleveland, OH, USA) were used for the abdominal CE-CT examinations. The CT parameters were: tube voltage, 120 kV; tube current, 150–250 mA; tube rotation time, 0.5 s; detector collimation, 64 × 0.625 mm; field of view, 350 × 350 mm; section thickness, 5 mm; and reconstruction interval, 1–1.5 mm. After a routine unenhanced scan, contrast material was injected at a dose of 1.0 mL/kg body weight at a rate of 3–4 mL/s, and arterial and portal venous phase imaging were acquired at 30–40 s and 60–70 s after injection.
64 slice spiral ct scanner
Manufactured by Siemens
Sourced in Germany
The 64-slice spiral CT scanner is a medical imaging device that uses X-rays and advanced computer technology to generate detailed, three-dimensional images of the body's internal structures. It is capable of capturing multiple thin slices of the body, allowing for a comprehensive and high-resolution view of the scanned area.
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7 protocols using 64 slice spiral ct scanner
1
Abdominal Contrast-Enhanced CT Protocol
2
Abdominal CT Imaging Protocol for Diagnostics
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All patients underwent abdominal CE-CT examination using two 64-slice spiral CT scanners (Siemens, Forchheim, Germany or Philips Medical Systems, Cleveland, OH, USA). The parameters of CT imaging were set as follows: for Siemens, 120 kV tube voltage, 150–250 mA tube current, 0.5 s tube rotation time, 64 × 0.6 mm detector collimation, 350 × 350 mm field of view, 5 mm section thickness and 1-1.25 mm reconstruction interval; for Philips, 120 kV tube voltage, 200–250 mA tube current, 0.5 s tube rotation time, 64 × 0.625 mm detector collimation, 350 × 350 mm field of view, 5 mm section thickness and 1-1.5 mm reconstruction interval. Subsequently, arterial phase (delay 30–40 s) and the portal venous phase (delay 60–70 s) images were obtained after 2 mL/kg of iodinated contrast medium was injected intravenously at a rate of 3 ml/s.
3
Patellar Dislocation CT Examination Protocol
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All patients diagnosed with patellar dislocation during the study period
underwent preoperative CT scans from the hip to the knee joint, regardless of
whether they had excessive femoral torsion. Patients and controls underwent CT
examination using the same protocol. In patients with patellar dislocation, CT
examinations were performed within 1 week before surgery for surgical planning.
Images were obtained with a 64-slice spiral CT scanner (Siemens Healthcare). All
patients underwent examinations in the supine position with the knee at full
extension and with the foot positioned in the neutral position. The scanning
range was from the anterosuperior iliac spine to 5 cm below the tibial plateau.
The scanning parameters were as follows: slice thickness, 0.625 mm; pitch, 1.0;
tube voltage, 130 kVp; tube current, 110 to 140 mAs; and matrix, 512 × 512
pixels. The field of view varied depending on whether 1 or both sides of the
lower limb were examined, ranging from 220 to 450 mm. Acquired data were
reformatted with a slice thickness of 5 mm; axial, coronary, and sagittal
scanning were routinely performed.
underwent preoperative CT scans from the hip to the knee joint, regardless of
whether they had excessive femoral torsion. Patients and controls underwent CT
examination using the same protocol. In patients with patellar dislocation, CT
examinations were performed within 1 week before surgery for surgical planning.
Images were obtained with a 64-slice spiral CT scanner (Siemens Healthcare). All
patients underwent examinations in the supine position with the knee at full
extension and with the foot positioned in the neutral position. The scanning
range was from the anterosuperior iliac spine to 5 cm below the tibial plateau.
The scanning parameters were as follows: slice thickness, 0.625 mm; pitch, 1.0;
tube voltage, 130 kVp; tube current, 110 to 140 mAs; and matrix, 512 × 512
pixels. The field of view varied depending on whether 1 or both sides of the
lower limb were examined, ranging from 220 to 450 mm. Acquired data were
reformatted with a slice thickness of 5 mm; axial, coronary, and sagittal
scanning were routinely performed.
4
Multimodal CT Imaging for Preoperative Assessment
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Preoperative non-contrast (NC) and contrast-enhanced CT scans were performed for each patient at the two institutions. Institution I performed CT scans using two CT scanners: a 64-slice spiral CT scanner (Siemens, Germany) or a 256-slice spiral CT scanner (Philips, Netherlands). Institution II performed CT scans using four CT scanners: a 16-slice spiral CT scanner (Siemens, Germany), a 64-slice spiral CT scanner (GE, USA), a 64-slice spiral CT scanner (Toshiba, Japan), or a 256-slice spiral CT scanner (Philips, Netherlands).
The parameters for the CT scan were as follows: tube voltage, 100 or 120 kV; tube current, 180–400 mA·s; reconstruction section thickness, 1.25–5.00 mm; pitch, 0.97–1.5; and matrix, 512×512. The scan range was from the skull base to the subclavian region. After routine plain CT scans, contrast-enhanced CT scans were performed after a delay of 20–30 s (arterial phase [AP]) following an intravenous administration of 80–100 mL of iodinated nonionic contrast agent at a rate of 3.0–3.5 mL/s using a high-pressure syringe. The nonionic contrast agent used was iohexol (Yangtze River, China; GE Healthcare, Ireland).
The parameters for the CT scan were as follows: tube voltage, 100 or 120 kV; tube current, 180–400 mA·s; reconstruction section thickness, 1.25–5.00 mm; pitch, 0.97–1.5; and matrix, 512×512. The scan range was from the skull base to the subclavian region. After routine plain CT scans, contrast-enhanced CT scans were performed after a delay of 20–30 s (arterial phase [AP]) following an intravenous administration of 80–100 mL of iodinated nonionic contrast agent at a rate of 3.0–3.5 mL/s using a high-pressure syringe. The nonionic contrast agent used was iohexol (Yangtze River, China; GE Healthcare, Ireland).
5
Contrast-Enhanced Thyroid CT Imaging Protocol
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All patients underwent contrast-enhanced thyroid CT with a 64-slice spiral CT scanner (Siemens, Germany) or 256-slice spiral CT scanner (Philips, Netherlands). The exposure parameters for the CT scan were as follows: 120 kV, 300 effective mAs, scanning slice thickness 1.25 mm, pitch of 0.97, and matrix of 512 × 512. The scan range was from the skull base to the subclavian region. After unenhanced CT scanning, a contrast-enhanced CT scan was performed. Approximately 80–100 ml of nonionic contrast material (iopamidol, 320 mg/ml) was injected into the cubital vein at a rate of 3.5 ml/s, and then saline (30 ml) was injected at the same rate. Arterial-phase images were obtained at 30 s. All images were derived from the Picture Archiving and Communication System with the data format of Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine. The images were imported into Radcloud (Huiying Medical Technology Co., Ltd.) and preprocessed. This process consisted of three steps, namely, standardization of the gray value of the region of interest (ROI), discretization of the gray level, and image resampling (30 (link)–32 (link)).
6
Psoas Muscle Radiomics from CT Imaging
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All patients underwent enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT). A 64-slice spiral CT scanner (Siemens; Erlangen, Germany) was used with a slice thickness of 0.75–1.25 mm and covering the entire abdomen (250–400 slices). The portal phase CT image was uploaded to ITK-SNAP (19 (link)) (version 3.8.01 ) for semi-automatic drawing of the psoas major muscle region and 3D reconstruction (Figure 1A ). The muscle area was drawn by two experienced researchers and examined by another radiologist. The outline image of the patient’s region of interest (ROI) is shown in Figure 1A . The original CT image and ROI were preserved as medical digital imaging files in NRRD formats, and PyRadiomics 18 was used for automatic feature extraction in the Python environment (version 3.7.22 ). The detailed list of radiomic muscle feature extraction parameters adjustment and Z-score standardized processing is shown below.
7
Triphasic CT Angiography of the Abdomen
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Abdominal plain + triphasic enhanced scan was performed using Siemens 64-slice
spiral CT scanner.
The scan range: up to the diaphragmatic dome and down to the upper pelvic margin.
Scanning conditions: voltage 120 kV, current 200 mAs, scanning slice thickness
5 mm, slice spacing 5 mm, screw pitch 0.6. Puncture was performed via the elbow
vein and 100 mL ioversol contrast agent (350 mg/mL) was injected at a rate of
3–4 mL/s. Arterial, venous, and delayed phase images were obtained 25 s, 65 s,
and 110 s after the start of injection. Reconstructed images were transmitted
from enhanced scans to Siemens background workstation.
spiral CT scanner.
The scan range: up to the diaphragmatic dome and down to the upper pelvic margin.
Scanning conditions: voltage 120 kV, current 200 mAs, scanning slice thickness
5 mm, slice spacing 5 mm, screw pitch 0.6. Puncture was performed via the elbow
vein and 100 mL ioversol contrast agent (350 mg/mL) was injected at a rate of
3–4 mL/s. Arterial, venous, and delayed phase images were obtained 25 s, 65 s,
and 110 s after the start of injection. Reconstructed images were transmitted
from enhanced scans to Siemens background workstation.
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