Alprazolam

Manufactured by Cerilliant

Sourced in United States

Alprazolam is a benzodiazepine-class chemical compound primarily used as a pharmaceutical ingredient in various laboratory applications. It functions as a central nervous system depressant with sedative-hypnotic properties. The core purpose of Alprazolam in a laboratory setting is to serve as a research and analytical tool, without making claims about its intended use.

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Alprazolam-d5 (4 citations)

8 protocols using alprazolam

Comprehensive Analysis of Benzodiazepines

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Diazepam, norDiazepam, delorazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, alprazolam, α-hydroxyalprazolam, 2-hydroxyethylflurazepam, bromazepam, clonazolam, desalkylflurazepam, etizolam, flurazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, midazolam, phenazepam, diclazepam, Diazepam-D5, 7-aminoclonazepam-D4, and alprazolam-D5 were obtained from Cerilliant Corporation (Merck, Milan, Italy); flualprazolam, flubromazolam, and flubromazepam were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (LGC standards, Milan, Italy); oxazepam, triazolam, and temazepam salts were purchased from Formenti (Formenti SPA, Milan, Italy); bentazepam methanolic solution, at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, was kindly donated from Italian Early Warning System, Italian Institute of Health (ISS).
Formic acid for mass spectrometry was obtained from Merck (Milan, Italy). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Carlo Erba SRL (Milan, Italy). N-Hexane and ethyl acetate were purchased from Merck (Milan, Italy). β-glucuronidase from Escherichia Coli was purchased from Merck (Milan, Italy).

Rossi B., Freni F., Vignali C., Stramesi C., Collo G., Carelli C., Moretti M., Galatone D, & Morini L. (2021). Comparison of Two Immunoassay Screening Methods and a LC-MS/MS in Detecting Traditional and Designer Benzodiazepines in Urine. Molecules, 27(1), 112.

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Comprehensive Analytical Reference Standards

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Certified reference materials of amitriptyline, bupropion, citalopram, desipramine, desmethylcitalopram, duloxetine, fluoxetine, imipramine, mirtazapine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, sertraline and trazodone were purchased from LGC Standards (Teddington, London, UK); certified reference materials of clomipramine, desmethylvenlafaxine, doxepin, hydroxybupropion, norfluoxetine, norsertraline, trimipramine, venlafaxine, 7-amino clonazepam, 7-amino flu nitrazepam, alprazolam, bromazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, flu nitrazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, zolpidem, 6-monoacetyl morphine, N-desmethyltramadol, buprenorphine, codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, naloxone, naltrexone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, tramadol, bupropion-d 9 , citalopram-d 6 , clonazepam-d 4 , codeine-d 3 , diazepam-d 5 , duloxetine-d 3 and morphine-d 3 from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX, USA); methanol, acetonitrile, ammonium formate and formic acid from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); ultrapure deionized water was purified by Milli-Q from Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). All solvents used in the extraction procedure were HPLC grade. Quantisal™ oral fluid collection devices and elution buffer were purchased from Immunalysis (Pomona, CA, USA).

Arantes A.C.F., Cunha K.F.d., Cardoso M.S., Oliveira K.D., & Costa J.L. (2020). Development and validation of quantitative analytical method for 50 drugs of antidepressants, benzodiazepines and opioids in oral fluid samples by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicology, 39(1), 179-197.

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Certified Reference Standards for Drugs

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Certified reference standards of 6-monoacetylmorphine, alprazolam, amphetamine, buprenorphine, benzoylecgonine, carisoprodol, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, cocaine, codeine, cotinine, dihydrocodeine, diazepam, EDDP, fentanyl, flurazepam, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, lorazepam, MDA, MDEA, MDMA, methamphetamine, meperidine, morphine, methylphenidate, methadone, naloxone, norbuprenorphine, nicotine, nordiazepam, norfentanyl, noroxycodone, alpha-hydroxyalprazolam, oxazepam, oxycodone, oxymorphone, tapentadol, temazepam, ll-nor-9-Carboxy-Δ9-THC, and cis-tramadol were purchased, each at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, from Cerilliant Corporation (Round Rock, TX). Isotopically labeled internal standards (IS) morphine-D3, codeine- D6, hydrocodone-D3, 6-monoacetylmorphine-D6, hydromorphone-D6, oxymorphone-D3, noroxycodone-D3, and naloxone-D5 were purchased, each at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, from Cerilliant Corporation (Round Rock, TX). Drug-free urine was obtained from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Irvine, CA). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade water, methanol, and formic acid were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA) and ammonium formate was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).

Pablo A., Breaud A.R, & Clarke W. (2019). Automated Analysis of Dried Urine Spot (DUS) Samples for Toxicology Screening. Clinical biochemistry, 75, 70-77.

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Optimized LC-MS Workflow for DOA

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Optima LC/MS grade methanol (MeOH), LC/MS grade 0.1% formic acid in water, LC/MS grade formic acid ampules, optima grade dichloromethane (DCM), optima LC/MS grade isopropanol (IPA), hydrochloric acid HCl, tert-butyl methyl ether, (MTBE), and hexane were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH was purchased from Sigma. DOA analytical standards: (+/-) amphetamine, (+/-) methamphetamine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, morphine, phencyclidine, (-) delta9-THC, (+/-) amphetamine -D5, (+/-) methamphetamine -D5, cocaine -D3, benzoylecgonine -D3, morphine -D3, phencyclidine -D5, and (-) delta9-THC -D3 were obtained as 1mg/mL solutions from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX, USA). Interfering substances: Diphenhydramine HCl, Alprazolam, Dihydrocodeine, S-Nicotine, Caffeine, Cortisol, -Cotinine, Dextromethorphan, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Prednisone, R-Pseudoephedrine, Amobarbital, Propranolol, Nicotinamide, Carbamazepine, Clobazam, Clonazepam, Valproic Acid, Verapamil, and Sertraline were purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX, USA). Stabilization buffer was purchased from Immunalysis (Pomona, CA). The Raptor Bipheyl LC column; 2.7um, 100mm x 2.1mm was purchased from Restek (Bellefonte, PA). Isolute SLE+ columns were purchased from Biotage (Charlotte, NC). The PRESSURE+ 48 positive pressure manifold was obtained from Biotage (Charlotte, NC).

Howard M.K., Russo P., Haymond A., Ortiz V.C., Andes S.R., Espina V., Luchini A., Liotta L.A., & Guirguis R. (2020). LC-MS/MS Validation for Drug of Abuse Testing Utilizing a Split Sample Oral Fluid Collection System.

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Quantitative Analysis of Benzodiazepines

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Analytic standards included CDP 1 mg/mL, norchlordiazepoxide 500 μg/mL, demoxepam 1 mg/mL, nordiazepam 1 mg/mL, oxazepam 1 mg/mL and alprazolam 1 mg/mL (Cerilliant Corporation, Round Rock, TX). Each analytic standard was diluted to produce 1 nM to 10,000 nM solutions. Nominal standards were further diluted to create the standard curve used to calculate unknown concentrations. Point calibration curves were constructed from analytic standards by using peak area ratios of analyte alprazolam, the internal standard. All points on the curves were back-calculated to within 15% of the nominal value. Careful analysis ensured that analytes with potentially interfering parent or product ions were separated chromatographically.

Thompson T., Grabowski-Boase L, & Tarantino L.M. (2015). Prototypical anxiolytics do not reduce anxiety-like behavior in the open field in C57BL/6J mice. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 133, 7-17.

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Evaluation of Drug-Drug Interactions

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Clozapine, diclofenac, diltiazem, imipramine, itraconazole, nevirapine, tolbutamide, warfarin, and verapamil were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO). Alprazolam, chlorpromazine, diazepam, and midazolam were purchased from Cerilliant Corp. (Round Rock, TX). BIRT2584 was synthesized inhouse (Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT). diclofenac-d 4 , (1/À)-verapamil-d 3 and warfarin-d 5 were purchased from CDN Isotopes (Point-Claire, Quebec, Canada). HLMs (lot 38291, mixed-sex 150 donors) were acquired from Corning Inc. (Glendale, AZ). Silica-coated magnetizable beads (501036426) were obtained from G-Biosciences (St. Louis, MO). Coomassie Plus -The Better Bradford Assay Reagent and Pre-Diluted Protein Assay Standards: Bovine Serum Albumin set were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Rapid equilibrium dialysis (RED) device was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific Pierce Laboratories (Waltham, MA).

Wang T., Whitcher-Johnstone A., Keith-Luzzi M, & Chan T.S. (2021). HLM-beads: Rapid Assessment of Nonspecific Binding to Human Liver Microsomes Using Magnetizable Beads. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 49(12).

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Artequick Tablets Characterization and Analysis

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Artequick tablets were provided by Artepharm Co Ltd (Guangzhou, China). QHS and ARM (as internal standard) were purchased from Kunming Pharmaceutical Co (purity >99.0%, Yunnan, China). Deoxyartemisinin (Deoxy-QHS; Figure 1) was synthesized in laboratory, and its structure was confirmed by HR-MS, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy. Bupropion (BUP), (±)-hydroxybupropion (OH-BUP), midazolam (MDZ), α-hydroxymidazolam (OH-MDZ) and alprazolam were purchased from Cerilliant Corporation (Round Rock, TX, USA). All other chemicals used were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich or Thermo Fisher Scientific.

Zang M., Zhu F., Li X., Yang A, & Xing J. (2014). Auto-induction of phase I and phase II metabolism of artemisinin in healthy Chinese subjects after oral administration of a new artemisinin-piperaquine fixed combination. Malaria Journal, 13, 214.

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Analytical Standards for Benzodiazepine Quantification

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Methanol (gradient grade), acetonitrile (gradient grade), 2-propanol (pro-analysis grade), ethyl acetate (reagent grade) and hydrochloric acid (pro-analysis grade) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); formic acid (LC–MS grade) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA); ammonium formate (>99%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA); potassium tetraborate tetrahydrate (>99.5%) was purchased from Aldrich Chemistry (Milwaukee, WI, USA) and trichloroacetic acid (>99%) was purchased from VWR Chemicals BDH (Radnor, PA, USA). Intralipid 20% lipid emulsion (200 mg/mL) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Reference materials and internal standards (ISs) were purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX, USA; alprazolam, alprazolam-d₅, clonazepam, clonazepam-d₄, 7-aminoclonazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam-d₄, diazepam, diazepam-d₅, flunitrazepam, flunitrazepam-d₇, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam-d₇, hydroxyzine, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, 7-aminonitrazepam, nordazepam, nordazepam-d₅, oxazepam, oxazepam-d₅, temazepam, temazepam-d₅, triazolam, zolpidem and zopiclone), Chiron (Trondheim, Norway; propiomazine, dihydropropiomazine, zolpidem-d₆, nitrazepam-d₅ and 7-aminonitrazepam-d₅) and Lipomed (Arlesheim, Switzerland; midazolam-d₄).

Elenstål E., Green H., Kronstrand R, & Elmsjö A. (2023). Intralipid as a matrix additive for evaluating hyperlipidemic postmortem blood. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 47(6), 529-534.

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