Pig bile salt

Bacterial culture was grown overnight and diluted to 1:100 in MH broth with 5% pig bile salt (SolarBio, China), and then the aliquots were placed into a flat-bottom plate. The plate was incubated at 37°C with agitation. The OD₆₀₀ value of each culture was continuously determined for 20 h using Bioscreen C MBR instrument (Oy Growth Curves Ab Ltd., Finland). The growth rate was estimated based on OD₆₀₀ curves using an R script as previously described (51 (link)), and then was compared using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons tests.

C. axillaris fruit was purchased from Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China. α-amylase, pepsin, trypsin and monosaccharide standards (L-fucose, L-Fuc; L-rhamnose, L-Rha; L-arabinose, L-Ara; D-glucosamine, D-GlcN; D-glactose, D-Gal; D-glucose, D-Glc; L-xylose, L-Xyl; D-mannose, D-Man; L-fructose, L-Fru; D-galacturonic acid, D-GalA; D-guluronic acid, D-GulA) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Pancreatin was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Inulin, resazurin and fatty acid standard (acetic acid, propionic acid, i-butyric acid, n-butyric acid, i-valeric acid, n-valeric acid, n-hexanoic acid) were bought from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Cysteine, heme chloride, pig bile salt and Tween-80 were from Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co.,Ltd. (Beijing, China). Dextran standards (M_w 1152, 5000, 11600, 23800, 48600, 80900, 148000, 273000 Da) were bought from Sigma Chemical Co. Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA).