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4 protocols using paclitaxel tax

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Cytotoxicity Assay of Chemotherapeutics

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Berberine hydrochloride (BER), 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) camptothecin (CPT), and Paclitaxel (TAX) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). WST-1 cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assay kit, PD98059, and LY294002 were purchased from Beyotime (Haimen, Jiangsu, China). RPMI 1640 medium, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), penicillin-streptomycin, trypsin, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were obtained from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Antibodies against phosphor-ERK, ERK, phosphor-AKT, AKT and β-actin were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Beverly, MA, USA).
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2

Evaluating Cytotoxicity and Cell Cycle

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Cell viability was evaluated by the MTT kit (Sigma-Aldrich Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), as reported in the relative guidelines. Results were reported as percentage variation compared to the control (CNT), which was considered as a unit (100%). Plant extract cytotoxicity was measured using the Trypan Blue (1%, w/v) exclusion test and counting dead cells by a Neubauer-modified chamber. The selectivity index (SI) of HCOE on tumor and non-tumor cells was measured according to the following formula: SI = IC50 non-tumor cell line/IC50 cancer cell line (considering that IC50 represented the concentration at which 50% of cell proliferation was inhibited). Cell cycle analysis was performed by a FACSCalibur instrument (Beckton and Dickinson, Le Pont-de-Claix, France) associated to CellQuest software, counting 10,000 events per sample and using the protocol documented in Gismondi et al. [40 (link)]. Cytofluorimetric data were shown as a percentage of cells in G0/G1, S, G2/M, and sub-G1 phase. Other treatments were performed by necrostatin-1 (NEC-1; 20 μM, 48 h), Z-VAD-FMK (Z-VAD; 20 μM, 48 h), and Paclitaxel (TAX; 20 nM, 8 h) (Sigma-Aldrich).
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Somatostatin Analog Synthesis and Characterization

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Paclitaxel (TAX) and Tween-80 were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Egg phosphatidylcholine (Egg PC), Cholesterol, and DSPE-PEG2000-azide (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[azido (polyethylene glycol)-2000]) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). To create a somatostatin analog, octreotide (H-D-Phe-Cys*-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys*-Thr-ol) 5-pentynecarboxylic acid was used to replace the N-terminus of the D-Phenylalanine group with an alkyne group. The resulting 5-pentynecarbonyl-octreotide was synthesized by Peptides International, Inc. (Louisville, KY, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reagents and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Horse serum was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). SSTR2 primers were purchased from Invitrogen (Waltham, MA, USA). Anti-SSTR2 primary antibodies were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).
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LHRH-Targeted Lipid Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy

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Precirol ATO 5 was generously provided by Gattefossé USA (Paramus, NJ). Soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC), Paclitaxel (TAX), Squalene, Tween-80, Mannitol were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). DSPE-PEG (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)-2000] were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). XenoLight DiR obtained from Perkin Elmer (Akron, OH). A modified synthetic analog of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) decapeptide (Gln-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-DLys(D-Cys)-Leu-Arg-Pro) was synthesized according to our design by American Peptide Company, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA). The sequence of native LHRH peptide, which is similar in human, mouse, and rat, was modified to provide a reactive amino group only on the side chain of a lysine residue, which replaced Gly at the position 6 to yield the superactive, degradation-resistant-Lys-6-des-Gly-10-Pro-9-ethylamide LHRH analog 10 (link)-13 (link). The synthesized sequence of LHRH peptide is highly efficient for targeting of drug delivery systems specifically to the cancer tumors 9 (link), 10 (link), 14 (link)-17 (link) and Cys residue do not influence the recognition process. The remmining materials were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
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