Water samples were analysed for 45 antibiotics and two metabolites (N-acetylsulfamethoxazole and anhydroerythromycin) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) after dilution and filtration through hydrophilic PTFE filters (Macherey–Nagel, Düren, Germany) as previously described71 (link). The analysed antibiotics belong to the following substance classes: β-lactams (i.e. penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems), tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides (as well as their synergist trimethoprim), macrolides including tylosin and spiramycin, lincosamides, glycopeptides, oxazolidinones, and nitroimidazoles. All analysed antibiotics, including their limit of quantification (LOQ), are given in Supplemental Material Table S3 . The LOD of each individual analyte was one-third of the respective LOQ.
Ptfe filter
Manufactured by Macherey-Nagel
Sourced in Germany
PTFE filters are laboratory equipment used for filtration purposes. They are made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a chemically inert and highly durable material. PTFE filters are designed to provide efficient filtration of liquids and gases while being resistant to a wide range of chemicals and temperatures.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Fused silica capillaries, by Molex (3 mentions)
1 m aqueous acetic acid solution, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Toluene, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Polyethylene glycol peg, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Milli q water purification system, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Methanol hplc super gradient grade, by Biosolve (2 mentions)
Tetramethoxysilane, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetophenone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hexanophenone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Heptanophenone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Propiophenone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Valerophenone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Octanophenone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Urea, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Thiourea, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Butyrophenone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Metformin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
6 protocols using ptfe filter
1
Antibiotics Quantification in Water Samples
2
Synthesis of Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles
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Toluene (HPLC grade, > 99.8%), tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), 1 M aqueous acetic acid solution, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) of molecular weight (MW) = 10 000 g/mol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Diegem, Belgium). Methanol (HPLC super-gradient grade) was obtained from Biosolve B.V.
(Valkenswaard, NL). Deionized water was produced in-house with a Milli-Q water purification system Merck Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Coumarin 440 (C440: 7-amino-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one), coumarin 460 (C460: 7-(diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one), and coumarin 480 (C480: 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-9-methyl-1H,5H,11H- [1] benzopyrano- [6,7,8-ij] quinolizin-11-one) were purchased from Vadeno Optical Solutions (Apeldoorn, NL). PTFE filters (0.20 μm × 25 mm) were purchased from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, DE). Fused-silica capillaries with an inner diameter (i.d.) of 5 µm, possessing an outer diameter of 375 µm were purchased from Polymicro Technologies (Phoenix, AZ, USA).
(Valkenswaard, NL). Deionized water was produced in-house with a Milli-Q water purification system Merck Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Coumarin 440 (C440: 7-amino-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one), coumarin 460 (C460: 7-(diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one), and coumarin 480 (C480: 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-9-methyl-1H,5H,11H- [1] benzopyrano- [6,7,8-ij] quinolizin-11-one) were purchased from Vadeno Optical Solutions (Apeldoorn, NL). PTFE filters (0.20 μm × 25 mm) were purchased from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, DE). Fused-silica capillaries with an inner diameter (i.d.) of 5 µm, possessing an outer diameter of 375 µm were purchased from Polymicro Technologies (Phoenix, AZ, USA).
3
Coumarin Dyes for Capillary HPLC
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Toluene (HPLC grade, > 99.8%), tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), 1 M aqueous acetic acid solution, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) of molecular weight (MW) = 10,000 g/mol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Diegem, Belgium). Octadecyldimethyl-N,N-dimethylaminosilane was purchased from ChemPur Feinchemikalien und Forschungsbedarf GmbH (Karlsrule, DE). Methanol (HPLC super-gradient grade) was obtained from Biosolve B.V. (Valkenswaard, NL). Deionized water was produced in-house with a Milli-Q water purification system Merck Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Coumarin 440 (C440: 7-amino-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one), coumarin 450 (C450: 7-(ethylamino)-4,6-dimethyl-2H,-1-benzopyran-2-one), coumarin 460 (C460: 7-(diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one), and coumarin 480 (C480: 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-9methyl-1H,5H,11H-[1]benzopyrano-[6,7,8-ij]quinolizin-11-one) were purchased from Vadeno Optical Solutions (Apeldoorn, NL). Samples were prepared by dissolving these coumarins in the mobile phase to a concentration of 2 mM per component. PTFE filters (0.20 μm × 25 mm) were purchased from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, DE). Fused-silica capillaries with an inner diameter (i.d.) of 5 µm and 10 µm, possessing an outer diameter of 375 µm were purchased from Polymicro Technologies (Phoenix, AZ, USA).
4
Synthesis and Characterization of Silica-Based Stationary Phases
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Toluene (HPLC grade, ≥99.8%), urea, tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), metyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), 1 M aqueous acetic acid solution, polyethylene glycol (PEG) of molecular weight (MW) = 10,000 g/mol, thiourea, acetophenone, propiophenone, butyrophenone, valerophenone, hexanophenone, heptanophenone and octanophenone were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Overijse, Belgium). Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, LC-MS Ultra grade) was purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Octadecyldimethyl-N,Ndimethylaminosilane (ODS-DMA) was purchased from ChemPur Feinchemikalien und Forschungsbedarf GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany). Acetonitrile (ACN, HPLC supra-gradient grade) was purchased from Biosolve B.V. (Valkenswaard, the Netherlands). N-(Trimethylsilyl)-imidazole (TMSI) was obtained from Merck Schuchardt OHG (Hohenbrunn, Germany). Deionized water was produced in-house with a Milli-Q water purification system of Merck Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). PTFE filters (0.20 µm × 25 mm) were purchased from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, Germany). MassPREP Peptide Mixture was purchased from Waters (Milford, MA, USA). Fused-silica capillaries of 20 µm i.d. (90 µm outer diameter (o.d.)) and 40 µm i.d. (105 µm o.d.) were purchased from Polymicro Technologies (Phoenix, AZ, USA).
5
Preparation of Metformin, TQ, and Doxorubicin
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Metformin (Sigma-Aldrich, United States) was dissolved in 1x phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (Fisher Bioreagents, United States) as a stock solution of 1 M and filtered through 0.22 µm PTFE filter (Macherey Nagel, Germany) before the usage. TQ (Sigma-Aldrich, United States) was dissolved in DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich, United States) as 100 mM stock solution and was diluted to 1 mM concentration in 1× PBS prior to use. For each experiment, fresh TQ stock solution and appropriate dilutions were prepared. Doxorubicin (Hemofarm, Serbia) was prepared as 100 mM solution in 100% DMSO (Molecular Probes, Life Technologies, United States) and for each experiment, fresh appropriate working concentrations were prepared with the RPMI-1640 complete medium.
6
Extraction and Analysis of Capsule Contents
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Each capsule was emptied into a separate 15 mL Falcon® tube and mixed with a solvent mixture consisting of 60% water and 40% acetonitrile (solvent mixture A). Capsule contents were removed by slightly squeezing each capsule half and tapping it repeatedly against the edge of the tube orifice. Capsule halves were checked to be visually clean as an indicator for complete emptying. The tubes were vortexed (Vortex 2, Scientific Industries inc., Bohemia, NY, USA) and subsequently shake-mixed (VXR basic Vibrax®, IKA-Werke, Staufen im Breisgau, Germany) for 60 min at 1000 rpm followed by centrifugation (Megafuge 1.0R, Heraeus, Hanau, Germany) for 5 min at 3000 rpm. Samples were filtered through a 0.2 µm PTFE-filter (Macherey-Nagel GmbH and Co. KG, Düren, Germany) prior to HPLC assay.
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