T60 pg uv vis

The TPC was determined according to the method used by Singleton and Rossi [32 (link)]. Briefly, 0.9 mL of pure water and 4 mL of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (0.2 N) were added to 100 µL of extract and vortexed. Then, 5 mL of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) solution (75 g/L) was added, vortexed, and kept at 25 °C for 2 h in a dark place. The absorbance was measured using a UV/Vis spectrophotometer (T60 PG UV-Vis, PG Instruments Limited, Lutterworth, UK) at 765 nm. The results were expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE)/100 g DM of pear samples. Measurements were preferred in duplicate.

The TAA was determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) method [33 (link)]. Briefly, 3.9 mL of 6 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L fresh DPPH solution was added to 100 µL extract and was incubated in a dark place (25 °C, 30 min). Then, the absorbance at 515 nm was measured with UV/Vis spectrophotometer (T60 PG UV-Vis, PG Instruments Limited, Lutterworth, UK). Measurements were done in duplicate, and the scavenging activity percentage was determined by Equation (21):