Nano zs90

The shape and sizes on the surfaces of SiO₂ NPs were conducted by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM, TECNAI G2 F30 S-Twin), which was operated at 300 keV. The FT-IR spectrum was obtained using a Nicolet iS10 FT-IR spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) equipped with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory (Smart Miracle, PIKE Tech). One μL of SiO₂ NPs solution was placed on a ZnSe-ATR crystal and dried under vacuum for 2 h. The HgCdTe detector cooled by liquid N₂ was used to collect the reflected light. A total of 16 scans were averaged to yield a spectrum at 4 cm⁻¹ resolution. The average hydrodynamic size and distribution of the NPs in water were determined by using dynamic light scattering (DLS, Nano ZS90, Malvern Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire, UK). All measurements were conducted in disposable cuvettes and the samples were analyzed with a 4-mW laser operating at a wavelength of 633 nm at 25 °C and the scattering angle was fixed at 90°. The surface charge (zeta potential) of the NPs in water was detected by using an electrophoretic light scattering (ELS, Nano ZS90, Malvern Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire, UK). All samples were prepared by diluting the stock in deionized (DI) water. The operating temperature was kept constant at 25 °C.

The PPBC, MgFe-LDH, and PPBC/MgFe-LDH were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, which were obtained using an X’Pert 3 Powder diffractometer (X’Pert3 Power, PNAlytical, The Netherlands) with copper K_a radiation (l ¼ 1.54059 Å). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to observe the structural changes in the particle surface (Frontier, Perkin Elmer, USA). The specific surface areas were determined using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method (ASAP2020M+, Micromeritics corporation, USA). A Nano ZS 90 type nanoparticle size and zeta potential analyser was used to analyse and test the zeta potential of the materials (Nano ZS 90, Malvern Instruments LTD, UK). The surface physical morphology and microstructure of the clay composites were determined by a scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) (SEM, Gemini SEM 300, Zeiss, Germany). The surface elements species were analysed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCALAB 250Xi, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA).

Glioma cells were cultured overnight in EV‐free DMEM. Upon 80%–90% cell confluence, the collected supernatant was centrifuged at 2000 g (20 min) at 4°C, and the obtained supernatant was subjected to high‐speed centrifugation at 10,000 g (1 h; 4°C). Pellet was resuspended in serum‐free DMEM containing 25 mM HEPES (pH = 7.4) and subjected to high‐speed centrifugation. Following supernatant removal, the precipitated was stored at −80°C.
EVs were characterized by a transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Dynamic light scattering was applied to detect the diameter of EVs using the Zetasizer Nano‐ZS90 instrument (Zetasizer Nano‐ZS90; Malvern) with an excitation light wavelength λ = 532 nm. The EV samples were diluted with 0.15 M NaCl to the appropriate optical signal detection level (1, 50).
The EV particles were dissolved in radio‐immunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) lysis buffer, and the protein was quantified using a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). EVs were analyzed using immunoblotting with the following antibodies (Abcam) to CD9 (ab92726, 1: 2000), CD63 (ab216130, 1: 2000), TSG101 (ab125011, 1: 1000), and Calnexin (ab22595, 1: 100).