A high pressure stirred cell test unit with an effective membrane area of 152 cm2 was used for the NF process. A schematic diagram of the experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1 . The solution temperature was controlled and monitored by a cooling/heating coil connected to a temperature-controlled water bath (Julabo F12-ED, Germany). Unless otherwise stated, the magnetic stirrer speed was fixed at 500 rpm. The initial volume of feed solution was 1000 mL. The experiments were stopped at a volume reduction factor (VRF) of 4. VRF is defined as the ratio between initial feed volume and the volume of the retentate. Both permeate and retentate samples were collected for subsequent sugar and dry mass quantifications. Initial water flux measurements were performed at different operating pressures (5–15 bar) at 25 °C and compared with the data provided by the membrane manufacturer. In order to avoid significant changes in sugar compositions in each experiment, both concentrates and permeates were pooled together and used as a feed solution for the next experiment. The same flat sheet membranes were used in all experiments. The effects of operating temperature (5, 25 and 60 °C) and pressure (25, 35 and 45 bar) on membrane performance were determined. The diafiltration technique was also applied.
F12 ed
Manufactured by Julabo
Sourced in Germany
The Julabo F12-ED is a circulating water bath designed for precise temperature control in laboratory applications. It features a temperature range of -20°C to 100°C with an internal Pt100 sensor for accurate measurement and control. The unit has a stainless steel bath and a digital interface for easy operation.
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9 protocols using f12 ed
1
Nanofiltration of Sugar Solutions
2
Determining Austenite Transformation Temperatures
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The critical transformation temperature points of the austenite start (As) and Af were determined with BFR tests. The specimens were cooled in a custom-made, double-walled glass container “to its nominally fully martensitic phase”, deformed and placed on two support pins, and heated back (F12-ED; Julabo, Seelbach, Germany) to their fully austenitic phase (Figure 2 ).27 (link) The bath of the cold mix (Centro Kühlerschutz, Centro, Karlsruhe, Germany, > 50% ethanediol) was cooled down to a minimum of –20°C and the wire piece remained in the bath for at least 3 minutes prior to testing. Subsequently, the measurement process was started by initializing the heating of the thermostat. During the gradual temperature increase, specimen displacement was monitored by a laser triangulation sensor (RF603; Riftek Sensors & Instruments, Minsk, Belarus) and plotted versus its temperature. Accordingly, the As and Af temperatures were determined from the temperature−displacement graph. The data acquired during heating and recovery (displacement and temperature) were saved as text files and imported into a Microsoft® Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) spreadsheet for plotting. A temperature/displacement graph was created for each wire piece using the spreadsheet tools to draw tangent lines to the linear portions of the curve.
3
Mycelial Respiration Assay for Fungicides
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Mycelial respiration was determined using the method reported previously [51 (link),52 (link)]. Ten mycelial plugs (5 mm diameter) excised from the margins of 4-day-old colonies of each isolate ZJ1, H4 (randomly selected), W5 (most insensitive to metalaxyl) on PDA were transferred to 250-mL flasks containing 100 mL of PDB (PDA without agar). After the flasks were shaken at 175 rpm and 25 °C for 48 h, flasks were amended with cuminic acid at ultimate concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL. After shaking for another 2 h, the oxygen consumption rate by mycelia was measured with an oxygraph system (F12-ED, Julabo, Beijing, China).
4
Cytochrome c Dimer Dissociation Kinetics
5
Langmuir-Blodgett Film Preparation
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The substances were dissolved in chloroform at a concentration of 1·10−3 M to obtain stock solutions. Mixtures of specified mole ratios were prepared from these stock solutions just before being spread. Then, an appropriate amount (30 µL) was deposited drop by drop onto a clean water surface from a microsyringe (Hamilton, Bonaduz, Switzerland). After the solvent was allowed to evaporate (10 min), the films were compressed symmetrically on a Minitrough 2 (KSV Instruments, Helsinki, Finland) at a barrier motion speed of 0.041 nm2·min−1·molecule−1. Ultrapure deionized Milli-Q (Millipore Co., Guyancourt, France) filtered water with a specific resistance of 18.2 MΩ·cm was used as a subphase at a temperature that was kept constant at 20 °C by a cooling circulator F12ED (Julabo, Seelbach, Germany). A platinum Wilhelmy plate hanging from a balance was used to record the surface pressure value.
6
Spectrophotometric Analysis of Compounds
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UV-VIS spectra and absorbance measurements were obtained on an Agilent 8453 spectrophotometer equipped with a cell carrier thermostated with water from a Julabo F12-ED bath and interfaced with a computer for data analyses and storage. An AND analytical balance with a precision of ± 0.00001 g was employed to weigh the required amounts of reactants. Aliquots of solutions were removed from the corresponding stock solutions with the aid of Socorex Acura micropipettes of 100 ± 1 μL and 1000 ± 5 μL.
7
Metronidazole Release Kinetics in Bacterial Vaginosis Treatment
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Release studies were performed using Franz diffusion cells (PermeGear, Hellertown, PA, USA), with the heating circulator (Julabo Labortechnik F12-ED, Seelback, Germany) maintaining the temperature at 37 °C and a neutral pH to mimic the pH of the bacterial vaginosis infected vagina [4 (link)]. Cells with 12 mL volume acceptor chambers and a diffusion area of 1.77 cm2 were used [14 (link)]. polyamide membranes (0.2 μm pore size; Sartorius polyamide membrane; Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany) were used. The formulations were added to the donor compartment with a volume of 600 μL. The acceptor chambers were filled with distilled water and kept at 37 °C. Samples (500 μL) from the acceptor chamber were taken at 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, and 480 min and replaced with fresh medium. Both the sampling port and the donor chamber were covered with quadruple layers of para-film to prevent evaporation. Quantification of the released model substance was determined by spectrophotometry, wherein the aqueous solution of metronidazole was measured at 319 nm. The standard curve of metronidazole in distilled water was prepared using concentrations in the range of 2 to 20 μg/mL (R2 = 0.9988). All experiments were carried out in triplicate.
8
4D Lineage Tracking in C. elegans
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4D-lineaging was performed as described by Schnabel et al. (1997) (link). Image acquisition for 4D-lineaging was achieved using a Zeiss Axio Imager.M2 microscope mounted with a pco.edge 3.1 sCMOS camera or a pco.sensicam (PCO Kelheim, Germany). Recordings at the non-permissive temperature of 25°C consisted of 750 DIC z-stacks acquired at 35 s intervals with 25 slices per stack at a spacing of 1 µm. Recordings at the permissive temperature of 15°C comprised 1500 scans owing to the slower pace of development. All parameters including scans using fluorescent channels were programmed for specific time points using the imaging software Caenotec. Manual lineaging was performed as described by Schnabel et al. (1997) (link) using the Simi BioCell software (Simi Reality Motion, Unterschleissheim, Germany) software. The microenvironment under the objective was kept at a constant temperature via either an F12-ED or CD-200F Refrigerated/Heating Circulator (Julabo, Seelbach, Germany) and a bespoke copper collar surrounding the 100× objective.
9
Targeted Cooling of Sciatic Nerve Injury
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A cooling model was created as previously described by Jia and Pollock (1997). At 1, 3, and 5 days after cold injury, the injured and non-injured sciatic nerves were observed and compared. The cooling cuff was custom made from copper tubing coated with epoxy resin and shaped into a hollow semicircle. A distance of 15 mm separated the water inlet and outlet tubes. Focal cooling of the sciatic nerve was achieved by circulating cold water through the cuff with an electric circulator (model: F12-ED; Julabo GmbH, Seelbach, Germany) (Figure 1
First, the rats were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium in distilled water (50 mg/kg). In brief, the sciatic nerves were exposed in the mid-thigh region in order to unilaterally apply the cooling cuff closely beneath the nerve. When the cooling apparatus was running, the local temperature of the sciatic nerve was maintained between 3–5°C for 2 hours. The contralateral sciatic nerve was exposed, but not cooled. The rectal temperature and heart rate of the rats were monitored during the cold injury.
First, the rats were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium in distilled water (50 mg/kg). In brief, the sciatic nerves were exposed in the mid-thigh region in order to unilaterally apply the cooling cuff closely beneath the nerve. When the cooling apparatus was running, the local temperature of the sciatic nerve was maintained between 3–5°C for 2 hours. The contralateral sciatic nerve was exposed, but not cooled. The rectal temperature and heart rate of the rats were monitored during the cold injury.
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