Ampicillin (APC) and vancomycin (VAN) were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) medium was ordered from Hope Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Qingdao, China). Pepsin, papain, and trypsin were all sourced from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Escherichia coli CMCC44102, Escherichia coli CMCC 44817, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Escherichia coli CMCC 44102, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella enterica CMCC 50335, Shigella flexneri CMCC 51571, Shigella sonnei CMCC 51592, Shigalla dysenteria CMCC 51252, Shigella flexneri CMCC 51572, Bacillus cereus CMCC 63301, Bacillus pumilus CMCC 63202, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Staphylococcus aureus CMCC 26003, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, MRSA N315, and MRSA ATCC 43300 were provided by University of Science and Technology of China. Caco-2 cells were obtained from BeNa Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Beijing, China).
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