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64 protocols using lx112 resin

1

Visualizing Vesicles and Biofilms via Electron Microscopy

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Vesicles were visualized by TEM using negative and positive staining
techniques. For negative staining, vesicles were adhered to 300-mesh carbon and
Formvar coated Copper grids for 2 min, stained with 1% phosphotungstic acid and
viewed on a JEOL 100CXII or 1200EX at 80kV. For embedded TEM, vesicles were
fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M sodium
cacodylate buffer. Samples were then postfixed with 1% osmium tetroxide followed
by 2% uranyl acetate en-bloc staining. The samples were dehydrated through a
graded series of ethanol and embedded in LX112 resin (LADD Research Industries,
Burlington VT). Pellicle biofilms were fixed for 24 h with 2.5% gluteraldehyde,
0.2 M sodium cacodylate, 0.4 M sucrose, and 10mM MgCl2 (pH 7.4) in a
1:1 ratio with the MSgg culture media. Pieces of each fixed biofilm were
processed in suspension on a rotator. The biofilm samples were postfixed with 1%
osmium tetroxide, 0.7% potassium ferrocyanide for 1 h followed by 1% uranyl
acetate. The biofilm samples were dehydrated through a graded series of ethanol
and then embedded in LX112 resin (LADD Research Industries, Burlington VT).
Ultrathin (80 nm) sections of all samples were cut on a Reichert Ultracut UCT,
stained with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate.
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2

Ultrastructural Analysis of Sarcomere Morphology

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Electron microscopy was performed as described (Kurrasch et al., 2009 (link)). Briefly, 12.5 dpc embryonic hearts (n =1 each for Nkx2-5-Cre−; S1pr1f/− control, Nkx2-5-Cre+; S1pr1f/−mutant, Mlc2a-Cre−; S1pr1f/− control, and Mlc2a-Cre+; S1pr1f/− mutant) were dissected in ice-cold PBS and fixed in 0.1 mol/L sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 2% glutaraldehyde and 1% PFA. Hearts were post-fixed in the same buffer containing 2% osmium tetroxide, then block-stained in 2% aqueous uranyl acetate, dehydrated, and embedded in LX-112 resin (Ladd Research Industries). Semi-thin sections were stained with toluidine blue to identify areas of interest. Ultrathin sections were taken on a Reichert-Jung Ultracut S ultramicrotome (Leica Microsystems) and stained with 0.8% lead citrate. Grids were visualized on a JEOL JEM-1230 transmission electron microscope and images were captured using a Gatan Ultrascan 1000 digital camera. Z-disc length measurement was made across the electron-dense portion of the Z-disc perpendicular to myofibrils. For the Nkx2-5 animals, 117 total sarcomere units in 13 fields were analyzed for Cre− and 59 units in 11 fields for Cre+. For Mlc2a animals, 83 sarcomere units in 8 fields were analyzed for Cre− and 49 units in 8 fields for Cre+. Each field was 8.3 µm by 8.3 µm.
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3

HIV-1 Transfection and Ultrastructural Analysis

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About 6 × 105 HeLa cells were plated per well of 6 well plates and incubated at 37°C overnight. Cells were transfected with HIV-1BADA molecular clone as before and, incubated at 37°C until media change to complete DMEM. Cells were treated with the following: untreated control, α-CCL2 (2.5 μg/mL) and, Isotype antibody (2.5 μg/mL). Cells were incubated at 37°C until 24 hr post transfection. Cells were washed and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer, post-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide followed by 2% uranyl acetate for 30 min each, dehydrated through a graded series of ethanol with 5–10 min changes, and then stripped from the 6-well plates using propylene oxide. Cells were then transferred to microcentrifuge tubes and embedded in LX112 resin (LADD Research Industries, Burlington VT). Ultrathin sections were cut on a Reichert Ultracut UC7, stained with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate and viewed on a JEOL 1200EX transmission electron microscope at 80kv. Images were collected and analyzed.
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4

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Nanomaterial Uptake

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TEM imaging was performed on D. magna samples after exposure to COOH-PS NPs or NH2-PS NPs. The samples were prefixed with 4% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4 for 1 h at 4 °C. After that they were fixed in 1% OsO4 in 0.1 sodium phosphate buffer for 1 h at 4 °C and were subsequently dehydrated using a gradient of ethanol followed by acetone and LX-112 infiltration followed by embedding in LX-112 resin (Ladd Research Industries, Vermont, OH). Ultrathin sections (50–80 nm) were prepared using a Leica EM UC6 microtome and these were further contrasted with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate, and finally examined using a Hitachi HT 7700 electron microscope (Hitachi High-Technologies). We used the 2kx2k Veleta CCD camera (Olympus) for image acquisition. TEM analysis was also performed on HT-29 cells. Briefly, cells were detached from the transwells after cell culture and prefixed with 4% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4 for 1 h at 4 °C. Thereafter, the procedure described for D. magna samples was followed.
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5

Ultrastructure Visualization of Organelles

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Isolated organelles were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 100 mM sodium cacodylate, pH 7.43 maintained isomolar by addition of 0.25 M sucrose. Samples were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide in 100 mM sodium cacodylate, pH 7.43, followed by 1% uranyl acetate. After ethanol dehydration and embedment in LX112 resin (LADD Research Industries, 21210), ultrathin sections were cut on a Reichert Ultracut E and were stained with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate. All grids were viewed on a JEOL 100CX II transmission electron microscope at 80 kV.
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6

Ultrastructural Analysis of LT-HSCs

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LT-HSCs or human CD34+ cells were sorted in PBS, fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer, and then mixed with 1% osmium tetroxide in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer after fixation. The cells were bloc-stained with 2% uranyl acetate (aq), dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol, and embedded in LX112 resin (LADD Research Industries, Burlington, VT) in Eppendorf tubes. Ultrathin sections were cut on a Leica Ultracut UC7 and stained with uranyl acetate, followed by lead citrate. Obtained sections were viewed and imaged on a JEOL 1200EX transmission electron microscope at 80 kV.
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7

Ultrastructural Analysis of AC3 Knockout MEFs

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AC3+/+, AC3−/−, and hAC3 MEFs grown to confluence were pelleted and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 100 × 10−3m sodium cacodylate (SC, pH 7.43) for 45 min at RT. The pellets were then rinsed in SC, postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide in SC, treated with 1% uranyl acetate, dehydrated through a graded ethanol series, and embedded in LX112 resin (LADD Research Industries). Ultrathin sections were cut with an ultramicrotome (Lecia UC‐7) and stained with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate. All grids were viewed on a Hitachi H‐7000 transmission electron microscope at 80 kV. The morphometric analysis of transmitted electron micrographs was performed using ImageJ.
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8

Ultrastructural Analysis of Uterine Secretions

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Loose cells in uterine secretions were fixed with 4.0% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate, enrobed in 6% gelatin, and then refixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate. The biopsy specimen was fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate. Both sample types were postfixed with 1% osmium tetroxide followed by 2% uranyl acetate, dehydrated through a graded series of ethanol, and embedded in LX112 resin (LADD Research Industries, Williston, VT). Ultrathin sections were cut on a Leica Ultracut UC7, stained with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate, and viewed on a JEOL 1200EX transmission electron microscope at 120 kV.
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9

Electron Microscopy Sample Preparation

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Tissues (1 mm3) were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 100 mmol/L sodium cacodylate, pH7.4, and postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide followed by 1% uranyl acetate. After ethanol dehydration, the tissues were embedded in LX112 resin (LADD Research Industries). Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate. All grids were viewed on a JEOL 100CX II transmission electron microscope at 80 kV.
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10

Ultrastructural Analysis of Toxoplasma-Infected Cells

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The carbon-coated Matrigel-covered samples with Toxoplasma-infected cells were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 0.5% tannic acid in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer, postfixed with 1% osmium tetroxide followed by 2% uranyl acetate, dehydrated through a graded series of ethanol, and embedded in LX112 resin (Ladd Research Industries). Ultrathin sections were cut on an Ultracut UCT (Reichert), stained with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate, and viewed on a transmission electron microscope (1200EX; JEOL) at 80 kV at the Analytic Imaging Facility of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
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