techniques. For negative staining, vesicles were adhered to 300-mesh carbon and
Formvar coated Copper grids for 2 min, stained with 1% phosphotungstic acid and
viewed on a JEOL 100CXII or 1200EX at 80kV. For embedded TEM, vesicles were
fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M sodium
cacodylate buffer. Samples were then postfixed with 1% osmium tetroxide followed
by 2% uranyl acetate en-bloc staining. The samples were dehydrated through a
graded series of ethanol and embedded in LX112 resin (LADD Research Industries,
Burlington VT). Pellicle biofilms were fixed for 24 h with 2.5% gluteraldehyde,
0.2 M sodium cacodylate, 0.4 M sucrose, and 10mM MgCl2 (pH 7.4) in a
1:1 ratio with the MSgg culture media. Pieces of each fixed biofilm were
processed in suspension on a rotator. The biofilm samples were postfixed with 1%
osmium tetroxide, 0.7% potassium ferrocyanide for 1 h followed by 1% uranyl
acetate. The biofilm samples were dehydrated through a graded series of ethanol
and then embedded in LX112 resin (LADD Research Industries, Burlington VT).
Ultrathin (80 nm) sections of all samples were cut on a Reichert Ultracut UCT,
stained with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate.