Non pyrogenic saline

Tempol and all the used compounds were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy), and all the chemicals were of the highest commercial grade available. The water used throughout the study was double-distilled, then filtered through 0.22 µm Millipore^® GSWP filters (Bedford, MA, USA). All stock solutions were prepared in non-pyrogenic saline (0.9% NaCl; Baxter, Liverpool, UK).

All compounds used in vitro and in vivo were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company Ltd. (Poole, United Kingdom). S. aureus (ATCC 29213) was purchased by ATCC materials resource. Human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line) (CLS Cell Lines Service, 300493) were used for the study. All solutions used for in vivo infusions were prepared using non-pyrogenic saline (0.9% wt/vol NaCl; Baxter Healthcare Ltd., Thetford, United Kingdom). The topical cream containing xyloglucan, pea protein and Opuntia ficus-indica extract was kindly provided by DEVINTEC Sagl (Lugano (CH)). DXM was purchased by Teofarma (PV Italy). IMQ cream was commercially available as Aldara^® (5% cream, Meda). All other products used for histological analysis were purchased from Bio Optica (Milan, Italy).

All chemicals were of the highest commercial grade available. All stock solutions were made in non-pyrogenic saline (0.9% NaCl, Baxter, Milan, Italy) or 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rodano, Italy). Xyloglucan + gelose were kindly provided by Novintethical Pharma SA (Lugano, Switzerland) and diluted in saline.