samples were transferred to 4-mm NMR nanotubes with 25 µL deuterium oxide
containing 2 mM 3-(trimethylsilyl) propionic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid sodium
salt (TSP-d4; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) as an internal
standard. The NMR spectra for meat samples were acquired by a 600 MHz Agilent
NMR spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) with a 4-mm gHX
NanoProbe for high-resolution magic angle spinning at Pusan National University
in Korea. Data were collected at a spinning rate of 2,000 Hz. A
Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence was used to reduce the background
signals of water and macromolecules in the tissues. The 1H-NMR
spectra were measured using 13 µs of a 90°C pulse, 0.065 s of
bigtau, 2 s of relaxation delay, 1.704 s of acquisition time, and 10 min 20 s of
total acquisition time. The TSP-d4 peak at 0.0 ppm was used for
reference to calibrate the chemical shifts. Assignment of spectra and
quantification of metabolites were accomplished by Chenomx NMR suite 7.1
software (Chenomx, Edmonton, AB, Canada).