Mexiletine hydrochloride

Mexiletine hydrochloride and dopamine hydrochloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) while (R)-Phenylephrine hydrochloride was obtained from Target Molecule Corp. (Boston, MA, USA). All chemicals used in the experiments were freshly prepared and dissolved directly in normal saline.

Gene constructs were generated and used as described in ref. 23 (link); see supplementary information for sequence details. Standard site-directed mutagenesis was performed using PCR, and deletions were created using the Q5 site-directed mutagenesis kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The complementary DNA was linearized and transcribed into complementary RNA (cRNA) for oocyte microinjection using the Ambion mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 Transcription Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Iris Biotech, Rapp polymere, Combi-Blocks and Chem-Impex unless specified otherwise. AADs were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (quinidine sulfate salt dihydrate, catalog number: Q0875; mexiletine hydrochloride, catalog number: M2727; flecainide acetate salt, catalog number: F6777; ranolazine dihydrochloride, catalog number R6152) and stored according to product specification. Substances were dissolved in ND96 solution (see Two-Electrode Voltage Clamp Recordings section below for composition) and diluted to the specified concentrations, and the pH value was adjusted to 7.4. The prepared solutions were then stored at room temperature and used for no longer than 20 d.