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9 protocols using antigenfix

1

Immunofluorescent staining of nasal epithelial cells

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Nasal epithelial biopsies were placed in Antigenfix (Microm Microtech) for 1–2 h at 4 °C, then 30% sucrose in PBS for 12–24 h at 4 °C, before cryopreservation in OCT (Cell Path). Sections (30 µm) were permeabilized and blocked in PBS containing 0.3% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich), 1% normal goat serum, 1% normal donkey serum and 1% BSA (R&D) for 1–2 h at room temperature. The samples were stained with anti-human S100A9 antibodies conjugated to FITC (1 in 50 dilution, MRP 1H9, BioLegend) and anti-human EPCAM antibodies conjugated to APC (1 in 50 dilution, MRP14, BioLegend, 350703) in blocking buffer overnight and washed three times for 10 min in PBS before mounting with Fluoromount-G containing DAPI (Invitrogen). Images were acquired using a Leica SP8 confocal microscope. Raw imaging data were processed using Imaris (Bitplane).
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2

Immunofluorescence Staining of Nasal Epithelial Cells

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Nasal epithelial biopsies were placed in Antigenfix (Microm Microtech) for 1-2 h at 4°C, then 30% sucrose in PBS for 12-24 h at 4°C, before cryopreservation in OCT (Cell Path). 30μm sections were permeabilised and blocked in PBS containing 0.3% Triton (Sigma), 1% normal goat serum, 1% normal donkey serum, and 1% BSA (R&D) for 1-2 h at room temperature (RT). Samples were stained with a 1 in 50 dilution of anti-human S100A9 conjugated to FITC (clone: MRP 1H9, Biolegend) and a 1 in 50 dilution of anti-human EpCam conjugated to APC (clone: MRP14, Biolegend cat. # 350703) in blocking buffer overnight and washed for 3 x 10 minutes in PBS before mounting with Fluoromount-G containing DAPI (Invitrogen). Images were acquired using a Leica SP8 confocal microscope. Raw imaging data were processed using Imaris (Bitplane).
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3

Intravital Imaging of Skin Immune Cells

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Trunk and ear skin pieces were fixed in Antigen Fix (Microm Microtech) for 2 h, washed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, and dehydrated overnight in 30% sucrose in 0.1M phosphate buffer. Tissues were snap frozen, and 25-µm sections were stained with DAPI. To obtain an en face section of ear dermis, the dorsal part was split from the ventral one 2 h after intradermal ear injection of CD64-APC (2 µg), fixed in Antigen Fix for 2 h, washed in phosphate buffer, stained with DAPI, and clarified with Rapiclear 1.47 (SunJin Lab). Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was performed by using a Zeiss LSM 880 confocal microscope. Separate images were collected for each fluorochrome and merged to obtain a multicolor image. Final image processing was performed with Imaris software (Bitplane) and Adobe Photoshop.
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4

Lymph Node Staining and Imaging Protocol

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Lymph nodes were fixed in AntigenFix (Microm Microtech) for 2h at RT and washed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. For top view images allowing visualization of SSM coverage, whole lymph nodes were stained with the indicated antibodies in IHC buffer (Tris 0.1 M, BSA 0.5%) containing 2% Triton X-100 for a minimum of 12h. After 30min washing, lymph nodes were clarified with Rapiclear 1.47 (SunJin Lab) for 2h. For tissue sections, lymph nodes were dehydrated in 30% sucrose in 0.1 M phosphate buffer for 12h, embedded in tissue freeze medium (Triangle Biomedical Sciences) and snap frozen. Twenty-five nm-thick sections were prepared and stained with the indicated antibodies in IHC buffer containing 2% Triton X-100 for minimum 2h. Confocal images were acquired on a Zeiss LSM 880 confocal microscope. Final image processing was done using Imaris software (Bitplane) and Adobe Photoshop.
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5

Multicolor Immunofluorescence Staining Protocol

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Collected spleen fragments were immediately fixed with Antigenfix (Microm Microtech France, Francheville, France) for 3 hr at room temperature, followed by two washes in PBS 0•1 m pH 7•4 and a 30% sucrose bath at 4°, before embedding in OCT. Pieces were kept at -80° and sliced at 8-µm thickness. The mAbs CD45.2 (FITC clone 104; BD Pharmingen), B220 (RA3-6B2 A-647; BD Pharmingen), F4-80 (purified, clone SF12; BD Pharmingen), anti-MHC class II (M5/114-biotin; eBioscience), CD11c (N418 purified; eBioscience) Ki67 (SolA15 purifed; eBioscience) were diluted in PBS, at a pre-established concentration. Slices were incubated overnight at 4°. Secondary labelling was for 2 hr at room temperature. Prolong anti-fade (Invitrogen) containing or not DAPI was used to keep the coloured slices. Confocal microscopy was performed with the Zeiss 780 microscope with a 40× oil objective and a 0•6× zoom.
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6

Cryogenic Sectioning and Immunostaining of Lymph Nodes

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LNs were fixed in AntigenFix (Microm Microtech) for 2 h at 4°C in the dark, washed in phosphate buffer, and dehydrated in 30% sucrose in 0.1 M phosphate buffer for 12 h. Samples were embedded in Tissue Freezing Medium (Triangle Biomedical Sciences), snap frozen, and sectioned (35 µm) on a cryostat (Leica Microsystems). Immunostaining was realized in 0.1 M UltraPure Tris Buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) containing 0.5% BSA and 1% Triton X-100. Confocal imaging was performed with a Zeiss LSM 880 confocal microscope. Separate images were collected for each fluorochrome and overlaid to obtain a multicolor image. Final image processing and 3D reconstruction were performed with Imaris software (Bitplane). For unfixed LN slice preparation, fresh LNs were embedded in 4% low-melting-temperature agarose (type VII-A; Sigma-Aldrich), sectioned in 300-µm-thick slices using a vibratome (Leica VT1200) in a bath of ice-cold PBS, and immediately imaged by confocal microscopy.
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7

Immunofluorescence Confocal Microscopy of LNs

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LNs were fixed in Antigen Fix (Microm Microtech) for 2 h, washed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, and dehydrated overnight in 30% sucrose at 0.1 M phosphate buffer. Tissues were snap frozen and 35 µm frozen sections stained with the indicated antibodies in 0.1 M UltraPure Tris Buffer (ThermoFischer) containing 0.5% w/v BSA and 1% Triton X-100. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was performed using a Zeiss LSM 880 confocal microscope. Separate images were collected for each fluorochrome and overlaid to obtain a multicolor image. Final image processing was performed with Imaris software (Bitplane).
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8

Epidermal Sheet Preparation for DETC

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To prepare epidermal sheets, the dorsal and ventral halves of ear skin were pulled apart as for flow cytometry and incubated in Dispase for 40 min. Epidermal sheets were separated from the dermis, fixed in AntigenFix (Microm Microtech) for 20 min at room temperature, and washed in phosphate buffer. DETCs were identified by immunostaining TCR Vγ5 expression. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was performed with a Zeiss LSM 780 confocal microscope. Final image processing was performed with Imaris software (Bitplane) and Adobe Photoshop.
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9

Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests

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Mice were placed in new cages prior to starvation. For GTTs, 12 hr fasted mice were injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) with a solution of sterile glucose (2 g/kg body weight) freshly prepared in 0.9% sterile saline. For ITTs, 6 hr fasted mice were injected i.p. with insulin diluted to 0.08 mU/μl in sterile saline for a final delivery of 0.8 mU/g body weight. Baseline glucose measurements were analyzed from tail blood before i.p. glucose or insulin injection (2 mg/g body weight) using the OneTouch Vita (LifeScan, Johnson & Johnson company) system. Blood glucose measurements were taken from the tail blood at the indicated points.
gWAT morphometry staining gWAT was fixed with Antigenfix (Microm Microtech, France), embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) solution. Slides (4/group) were scanned with Axio-scan, which allowed the scanning of the entire slide at high resolution. Six pictures of six different areas from 1 to 2 sections per sample were chosen and analyzed with image analyzer software (ImageJ). Total areas of adipocytes were traced manually. The total count ranged from 3275 to 7052 adipocytes per condition. The mean surface area of the adipocytes was calculated using image analyzer software (ImageJ). For each sample, 400–1000 adipocytes were counted.
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