Light mineral oil

A commercial open-cell foam (Angst+Pfister, Milan, Italy) characterized by polyester polyol-based polyurethane structure with pore density of 45 pores per inch and porosity of about 97% was used as substrate for the plasma treatments and absorption tests.
Helium (Air Liquide, 99.999%, Milan, Italy), oxygen (Air Liquide, 99.999%, Milan, Italy) and ethylene (C₂H₄, Air Liquide, 99.95%, Milan, Italy) were used to feed the atmospheric pressure plasma.
The liquids used for the absorption tests included bidistilled water, octane (Honeywell, purity = 99%, Seelze, Germany), toluene (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.9%, Steinheim, Germany), hexadecane (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%, Steinheim, Germany), light mineral oil (Sigma-Aldrich, viscosity at 40° = 14.2–17.2 cps, St. Louis, MO, USA), heavy mineral oil (Sigma-Aldrich, viscosity at 40° = 63.6–70.4 cps, St. Louis, MO, USA), motor oil (Petronas SYNTIUM MP 0W-30, viscosity at 40° of 54.1 cps, Turin, Italy), gasoline and diesel oil. HCl (Sigma-Aldrich, 37 wt%, Steinheim, Germany), NaOH (J.T.Baker, ≥95.5%, Deventer, Holland) and NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥99.5%, Buchs, Switzerland) were used to prepare acidic, basic and saline aqueous solutions, respectively. In oil/water separation tests, Sudan Red III (ABCR, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used to dye mineral oil for better visualization.

Nickel sulfate hexahydrate
(≥98%), cobalt sulfate heptahydrate (≥99%), manganese
sulfate monohydrate (≥99%), ammonium oxalate (≥99%),
ammonium hydroxide (28% NH₃ in H₂O, purity ≥99.99%),
light mineral oil, and lithium hydroxide (≥98%) were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals were used as received without further
treatment. All the solutions were prepared with deionized water.

Compounds tested in electrophysiological assays are listed in Table1. Chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy) and were 85–99% pure. They were selected from compounds identified in the headspace of potato tubers and leaves and were chosen to represent the most EAG-active compounds in different chemical categories and the differential sensitivity between sexes.11 ,15 (link) Furthermore, one plant ketone and acetate and two sex pheromone components of potato tuberworm were tested in SCR experiments. For each compound, 100 µg µL⁻¹ stock solutions in both light mineral oil and hexane (Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy) were prepared and stored at −20 °C.
In SCR experiments, a 10 µL aliquot of 1 µg µL⁻¹ hexane solution of a test compound was adsorbed on a piece of filter paper (1 cm²), exposed to the air for 1 min to allow solvent evaporation and inserted into a Pasteur pipette.
In oviposition bioassays, stimuli were 100 µg µL⁻¹ mineral oil solutions of hexanal, octanal, nonanal and 1-octen-3-ol loaded into 35 mL volume polyethylene vials, with a 1 mm diameter hole in the lid, at doses of 4, 40 and 400 mg. In the warehouse experiment, a 1:1 (v/v) mineral oil solution of octanal loaded into low-void polymer disc dispensers (Trécé Inc., Adair, OK) (10 mL dispenser⁻¹) was used.

GelMA was synthesized as per previously reported protocol [24 (link)], by reacting methacrylic anhydride with gelatin, purified using 12–14 kDa cut-off dialysis membrane, and freeze-dried. Both fish GelMA and porcine GelMA were synthesized from gelatin from cold fish water skin (Sigma-Aldrich) and type A gelatin from porcine skin (Sigma-Aldrich), respectively. The freeze-dried GelMA was reconstituted to a 10% (w/v) final solution. The 10% GelMA solution from both fish and porcine sources was mixed at a 2:8 ratio, respectively, and then 0.5% lithium phenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphinate (LAP) (TCI chemicals, OR) was added. The formed GelMA solution was loaded into a 10 ml syringe and extruded at an air pressure of 40, 60, 100, and 180 kPa. Light mineral oil (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) with nonionic surfactant (3% Span 80, Sigma-Aldrich) was used in the collection bath to collect GelMA microgels. A visible or near-ultraviolet (UV) light source (GHDO, SOVOL, Shenzhen, China) of 405 nm was used to crosslink GelMA droplets to form microgels. Only the oil/water collection bath was exposed to the light source during microgel production. The formed microgels were washed three times with DI water followed by centrifugation to remove the oil and surfactant. The collected microgels were used for further studies.