Different odorants (methyl valerate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl tiglate, and 2-heptanone; Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were used at concentrations between 0.12% and 11% of saturated vapor. A cleaned air stream was used for odorant dilution from saturated vapor. A flow dilution olfactometer 31 (link) was designed to provide a constant airflow over the nares. A vacuum-controlled odorant delivery, where the vacuum was switched off during the odorant presentation. Separate Teflon tubing lines were used for each odor to avoid cross-contamination. In a subset of experiments, the time course and relative concentration of odors were confirmed with a photo-ionization detector (PID; Aurora Scientific, Aurora, ON). During imaging trials odorants were either delivered for 2–3 s with a 60-s delay between presentations, or odors were repeatedly presented with a 6-s interstimulus interval (adaptation trials).
2 heptanone
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
2-Heptanone is a colorless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH3. It is used as a solvent and as an intermediate in chemical synthesis.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
2 nonanone, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Hexanal, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
2 pentanone, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Octanal, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
1 hexanol, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Hexanoic acid, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Nonanal, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Ethyl butyrate, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
2 hexanone, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Pentanal, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Heptanal, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Benzaldehyde, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
2 undecanone, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Isoamyl acetate, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
3 octanone, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
1 pentanol, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
1 octanol, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Octanoic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
2 3 butanedione, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Heptanoic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
45 protocols using 2 heptanone
1
Odorant Presentation and Delivery System
2
Olfactory Dysfunction Assay in Parkinson's Disease Model
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In our assay, the olfactory dysfunction of PD model animals was assayed by measuring the chemotaxis response of animals to 2-heptanone (537683, Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Based on the reports by Bargmann, the chemotaxis index assay was performed as described previously in 10 cm culture plates containing 10 ml of 1.6% agar [48 (link)]. There were two marks on the back at 0.5 cm edge of the assay plates symmetrically. Then, 1 μl 10−1 2-heptanone (diluted in ethanol) was dropped in one mark, and 1 μl control reagent ethanol was dropped in the other symmetrical mark. Then, the well-fed animals without bacteria after washed using M9 buffer were put in the center of plates. The numbers of worms at the two sides were counted respectively after 1 h. The chemotaxis index was scored using the formula = worms numbers at 2-heptanone side - worms numbers at control side/total animal number. The behavior assay had been repeated three times with 30-40 worms per assay.
3
Odorant Delivery for Stable Glomerular Activation
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Odors [2-hexanone, 2-heptanone, and ethyl butyrate (Sigma-Aldrich)] were delivered using a flow-dilution olfactometer previously described (Fletcher et al., 2009 (link)). Separate flow controllers for the clean air and the pure odorant vapor were used to mix the flow streams at the end of the odor delivery system to achieve an approximate concentration of 0.25, 0.5, or 0.75% saturated vapor (s.v.) at a flow rate of 0.7 L/min. The odor concentration used for each animal was a concentration that activated discrete, stable glomeruli.
4
Volatile Organic Compound Identification
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Identities of all VOCs considered as potential marker substances were confirmed through analysis of pure reference substances.
Acetone, 2-butanone, hexanal, nonanal, isoprene and benzene were acquired from Ionimed Analytik GmbH (Innsbruck, Austria). Butane, pentane and hexane were bought from Supelco (Bellefonte, USA). Methyl-isobutyl-ketone, 1-propanol, styrene, 3-octanone, 2-heptanone, furan, heptane, methylacetate, 2-methylfuran, 2-ethylfuran, 2-pentylfuran, 2-pentanone, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone, 3-methyl-2-butanone, 3-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-propanethiol and dimethylsulfide were purchased from Fluka/Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). 2-Methyl-butanal and dimethyldisulfide were bought from Abbott GmbH & Co.KG (Wiesbaden, Germany). Ethylbenzene was acquired from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 3-methylfuran and 3-methylbutanal was purchased from TCI Europe N.V. (Zwijndrecht, Belgium).
Acetone, 2-butanone, hexanal, nonanal, isoprene and benzene were acquired from Ionimed Analytik GmbH (Innsbruck, Austria). Butane, pentane and hexane were bought from Supelco (Bellefonte, USA). Methyl-isobutyl-ketone, 1-propanol, styrene, 3-octanone, 2-heptanone, furan, heptane, methylacetate, 2-methylfuran, 2-ethylfuran, 2-pentylfuran, 2-pentanone, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone, 3-methyl-2-butanone, 3-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-propanethiol and dimethylsulfide were purchased from Fluka/Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). 2-Methyl-butanal and dimethyldisulfide were bought from Abbott GmbH & Co.KG (Wiesbaden, Germany). Ethylbenzene was acquired from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 3-methylfuran and 3-methylbutanal was purchased from TCI Europe N.V. (Zwijndrecht, Belgium).
5
Silicone Tube Permeability Tests
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Permeability tests were performed for a commercially available silicone tube—SILASTIC® Laboratory Tubing (Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA)—made of translucent, platinum hardened, tear resistant silicone. This type of tube is used in laboratory systems requiring flexible and temperature resistant connections, as well as where high purity of fluids flowing through the tubes is of great importance. Tubes with an outer diameter of 0.318 cm, an inner diameter of 0.198 cm and a length of 32 cm were used in this study.
Measurements of permeability and diffusion coefficient were made for two organic compounds: 2-heptanone (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA, 99% purity) and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) (Alpha Aesar, GmbH, Germany, 97% purity). Water solubilities of these compounds are about 0.4 g/100 ml and about 10 g/100 ml, respectively. Water used in the tests was purified in the Hydrolab HLP5UV filter system (Wenk Labtec, Germany). The gas flowing inside the tube was air purified in a filter of 2000 cm3 volume filled with molecular sieves with 1.0 nm pores diameter (Merck, Germany).
Measurements of permeability and diffusion coefficient were made for two organic compounds: 2-heptanone (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA, 99% purity) and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) (Alpha Aesar, GmbH, Germany, 97% purity). Water solubilities of these compounds are about 0.4 g/100 ml and about 10 g/100 ml, respectively. Water used in the tests was purified in the Hydrolab HLP5UV filter system (Wenk Labtec, Germany). The gas flowing inside the tube was air purified in a filter of 2000 cm3 volume filled with molecular sieves with 1.0 nm pores diameter (Merck, Germany).
6
Stability of Milk Powder under Antioxidants
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Skim milk powder was collected from a local dairy company, and the same batch was used for the production of all FFMPs. Antioxidant-free refined sunflower oils were purchased from a local store (SuperValu, Dublin, Ireland), and stored in closed containers, in the dark under refrigeration (4 °C) until use.
1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP), trichloroAcetic acid (TCA), starch, potassium iodide, 37% hydrochloric acid (HCl), isooctane, BHA, BHT, rosmarinic acid, 1-pentanol, 2-heptanone, 2-pentanone, 3-octen-2-one, 2, 4-decadienal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, pentanal, 2-nonenal (E), acetone, 2-nonanone, undecanal 2-methyl-4-pentanol, 2-methyl-3-heptanone, isovaleraldehyde and ethyl butyrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (now Merck, Wicklow, Ireland), whereas carnosol and carnosic acid were obtained from Extrasynthese (Extrasynthese Co., Genay Cedex, France). Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and sodium thiosulfate were obtained from VWR (VWR International Ltd., Dublin, Ireland). Isopropanol (PrOH) was acquired from Romil (Lennox Laboratory Supplies LTD, Dublin, Ireland) and n-hexane from Honeywell (Honeywell, Dublin, Ireland). Acetic acid was obtained from AppliChem GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). Milli-Q® water (H2O) (18 mΩ) (Merck Millipore, Molsheim, France) or deionized H2O was used throughout the experiments.
1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP), trichloroAcetic acid (TCA), starch, potassium iodide, 37% hydrochloric acid (HCl), isooctane, BHA, BHT, rosmarinic acid, 1-pentanol, 2-heptanone, 2-pentanone, 3-octen-2-one, 2, 4-decadienal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, pentanal, 2-nonenal (E), acetone, 2-nonanone, undecanal 2-methyl-4-pentanol, 2-methyl-3-heptanone, isovaleraldehyde and ethyl butyrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (now Merck, Wicklow, Ireland), whereas carnosol and carnosic acid were obtained from Extrasynthese (Extrasynthese Co., Genay Cedex, France). Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and sodium thiosulfate were obtained from VWR (VWR International Ltd., Dublin, Ireland). Isopropanol (PrOH) was acquired from Romil (Lennox Laboratory Supplies LTD, Dublin, Ireland) and n-hexane from Honeywell (Honeywell, Dublin, Ireland). Acetic acid was obtained from AppliChem GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). Milli-Q® water (H2O) (18 mΩ) (Merck Millipore, Molsheim, France) or deionized H2O was used throughout the experiments.
7
Insecticide Synergist Extraction Protocol
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Methomyl (purity 98%) was obtained from Jiangsu Jinghong Chemical Co. Ltd. (Yancheng, China). Piperonyl butoxide (PBO, purity 98%) was purchased from Nanchang Yangpu Natural Essence and Spice Co. Ltd. (Nanchang, China). Limonene, nerolidol, 2-heptanone, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, NADPH, glycerol, 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-EC), 7-hydroxycoumarin (7-HC), phenylmethylsulfonyl (PMSF), dithiothreitol (DTT), phenylthiourea (PTU) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetone was purchased from Shanghai Ling Feng Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
8
Odor Habituation Testing in Mice
9
Comprehensive Volatile Compound Catalog
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Acetaldehyde (95%), propanal (96%), 2-heptanone (97%), heptanal (98%), 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine (95%), 2,6-dimethyl pyrazine (95%), and 2-ethyl pyrazine (96%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). 5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl-(97%), dimethyl trisulfide (95%), 2-ethyl-3-methyl pyrazine (93%), 2-ethyl-6-methyl pyrazine (95%), furfural (97%), 2-ethyl-5-methyl pyrazine (98%), 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazine (96%), acetic acid (99%), benzaldehyde (97%), 1-butene, 4-isothiocyanato (94%), (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal (99%), (E)-2-nonenal (98%), dimethyl sulfoxide (97%), and 5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde (97%) were supplied by CNW Technologies GmbH Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). (E,Z)-2,6-Nonadienal (97%), butanoic acid (98%), (E)-2-decenal (99%), 2-furanmethanol (98%), (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal (99%), 2(5H)-furanone (97%), (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (96%), hexanoic acid (97%), benzyl nitrile (96%), heptanoic acid (99%), and benzenepropanenitrile (97%) were from Alfa Aesar reagent company (Shanghai, China).
10
Olfactory Responses to Diverse Odorants
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