Malvern zetasizer nano s90

The UV-Vis spectrum was recorded on Shimadzu UV-2550 spectrometer (Kyoto, Japan) (Details in Section 3.4). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out on a Bruker EQUINOX-55 (Karlsruhe, Germany). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out using Bruker D8 Advance (Billerica, MA, USA). Xerogel was freeze-dried for 24 h before performing the FTIR and XRD measurements to decrease the influence of moisture content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained from the field emission SEM (SU8010, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) (Details in Section 3.8). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was taken using a Hitachi H-600 (Tokyo, Japan) operated at 80 kV. The size distribution measurement was recorded on a laser particle size analyzer (LDPSA) Malvern Zetasizer Nano S90 (Malvern Panalytical Ltd., Malvern, UK) Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was recorded on ThermoFisher iCAP Q (Waltham, MA, USA) (Details in Section 3.9).

The size of Sup35-Z fibrils
and nanorods at different time points was determined using a Malvern
Zetasizer Nano S90 (Malvern Instruments Limited, UK) in PBS buffer,
pH 7.4, at 25 °C.

The particle size of KS-PEG-WSC NPs and KS-PLGA-TPGS NPs was determined using Malvern Zetasizer Nano S90 (Malvern Instruments Ltd., U.K) and the zeta potential was measured using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) with a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd., U.K). Samples were diluted in MilliQ™ water before measurement.

The AHc dry powder yield was defined as the ratio of the weight of the sample after collection to the initial total dry mass. And the yield in % (w/w) was calculated (n = 3). The values were reported as mean ± SEM^{54 (link)}. The AHc dry powder was reconstituted in deionized water and analyzed its stability by SDS-PAGE and western blot (using polyclonal antibodies collected from immunized mice)^{55 (link)}.
The AHc particles between 0.4 and 10 μm were measured by using Malvern Zetasizer Nano S90 (Malvern Instruments Ltd, USA)^{56 (link)}. The AHc dry powder was dispersed in anhydrous ethanol for sonication using probe and stabilized for 30 min. The MMAD of AHc aerosol particles was measured by a TSI APS spectrometer 3321 (TSI Inc, USA). For this process, the bio-aerosol generator was used to generate aerosols of AHc dry powder in a bio-settlement Cabinet (Huironghe Company, Beijing, China), and the TSI Model 3321 was used to measure the MMAD of aerosol AHc dry powders^{57 (link),58 (link)}.
TGA was used to determine the moisture content in the AHc dry powder samples. AHc dry powder (1 mg) was loaded into a thermal analyzer TA Instrument Q50 and heated from 30 to 250 °C (5 K/min) under nitrogen gas^{54 (link)}. The morphology of the AHc dry powder was examined with a Hitachi S-3400N scanning electron microscope.

To measure the mean diameter and size distribution of the liposomes, 10-μL samples from the extruded liposome dispersions were diluted in 990 μL of DPBS solution, and this sample (a total of 1 mL) was loaded in a plastic cuvette. The size and poly dispersity index of the liposomes were measured by a Zetasizer (Malvern Zetasizer Nano S90, Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK) using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. Then, the same sample was transferred to a capillary cell mounted on the apparatus for zeta potential measurement. The zeta potential of the liposomes was measured using the Zetasizer according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All the measurements were conducted three times. The concentration of the lipids was determined with a phospholipid C kit (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corp. Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The standard curve of SQR22 was constructed from the absorbance of SQR22 at 631 nm for different concentrations of SQR22 in ethanol. The concentration of SQR22 in the liposomes was then calculated from the standard curve.