Cefepime

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Sao Tome and Principe

Cefepime is a cephalosporin antibiotic used as a laboratory reagent. It has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and is commonly used in research and clinical settings.

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Lab products found in correlation

Imipenem, by Merck Group (25 mentions) Ceftazidime, by Merck Group (24 mentions) Ciprofloxacin, by Merck Group (22 mentions) Meropenem, by Merck Group (21 mentions) Gentamicin, by Merck Group (19 mentions) Amikacin, by Merck Group (15 mentions) Ampicillin, by Merck Group (14 mentions) Cefotaxime, by Merck Group (11 mentions) Aztreonam, by Merck Group (11 mentions) Ceftriaxone, by Merck Group (10 mentions) Levofloxacin, by Merck Group (10 mentions) Chloramphenicol, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Piperacillin, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Piperacillin tazobactam, by Merck Group (7 mentions) Colistin, by Merck Group (7 mentions) Tobramycin, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Streptomycin, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Tetracycline, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Tigecycline, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Ertapenem, by Merck Group (5 mentions)

Spelling variants of this product

Cefepime hydrochloride (3 citations)

49 protocols using cefepime

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii

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The antibiotic susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates are based on the results of disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The disk diffusion method is according to CLSI guidelines [16 (link)]. Eleven different antibiotics were used to assess the susceptibility test including imipenem (10 µg), cefepime, (30 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), amikacin (30 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), ticarcillin (75 µg), piperacillin (100 mg), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (25 µg), carbenicillin (100 µg) and streptomycin (10 µg) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA).
Broth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration according to CLSI guidelines [16 (link)]. The antibiotics imipenem, cefepime, ceftazidime, amikacin, gentamicin, tetracycline, ticarcillin, piperacillin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, carbenicillin and streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) were used for MIC determination. Multidrug resistance was defined in this analysis as resistance following five drug classes: Extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ceftazidime and cefepime), beta lactamase inhibitor penicillin (ticarcillin, piperacillin and carbenicillin), aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin and streptomycin), Folate pathway inhibitors (sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim) and carbapenems (imipenem).

Yang C.H., Su P.W., Moi S.H, & Chuang L.Y. (2019). Biofilm Formation in Acinetobacter Baumannii: Genotype-Phenotype Correlation. Molecules, 24(10), 1849.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocols

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Eight antibiotics, including four β-lactams, were purchased. These were oxacillin (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA), cefazolin (Jongeun Dang Pharmceutical, Co., Seoul, Korea), cefepime (Sigma-Aldrich Co.), penicillin G (Keunhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Seoul, Korea), erythromycin (Sigma-Aldrich Co.), amikacin (Boryung Pharmaceutical Co., Seoul, Korea), ciprofloxacin (Bayer Korea Co., Seoul, Korea), and vancomycin (CJ Cheiljedang Pharmaceutical Co., Seoul, Korea). PBEAE was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma-Aldrich Co.), while cefazolin and cefepime were dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (pH 6.0, 0.1 mol/L). erythromycin was dissolved in 95% ethanol. oxacillin, penicillin G, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and vancomycin were dissolved in water. PBEAE and antimicrobial solutions were stored as aliquots at -70℃ prior to antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Hong S.B., Rhee M.H., Yun B.S., Lim Y.H., Song H.G, & Shin K.S. (2015). Synergistic Anti-bacterial Effects of Phellinus baumii Ethyl Acetate Extracts and β-Lactam Antimicrobial Agents Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Annals of Laboratory Medicine, 36(2), 111-116.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Isolates

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Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics was performed by disk diffusion technique on Mueller-Hinton agar plates (Merck Co., Germany), according to the CLSI guideline (CLSI, 2018) using amikacin (30 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), gentamicin(10 μg), imipenem (10 μg), piperacillin/tazobactam(100/10), piperacillin (100μg), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (1.25/23.75 μg), cefepime (30 μg), cefotaxime(30), tetracycline (30 μg), ceftriaxone, and levofloxacin. Antibiotic disks were purchased from “Padtan Teb, Iran” and “Mast Co., England” Companies. E. coli ATCC: 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC:29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC:25753, and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC:29212 were used as quality control strains in antimicrobial susceptibility testing (14 (link)).
MDR and XDR strains were determined according to standard definitions of the CLSI, EAUCAST, and FDA (MDR was defined as acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories in Acinetobacter and XDR was defined as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in all but two or fewer antimicrobial categories) (4 (link),5 (link)).

Babaei S., Pourabdollah M., Aslanimehr M., Nikkhahi F., Mahmoodian S., Hasani Y, & Sheikholeslami F.M. (2021). Frequency of Multi-Drug Resistance and Molecular Characteristics of Resistance to Colistin in Acinetobacter baumannii Collected from Patients in Intensive Care Units with Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Tanaffos, 20(4), 345-352.

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Antibiotic susceptibility profiling of P. aeruginosa

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Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed using the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guideline (CLSI, 2019) using Mueller-Hinton agar (Merck, Germany) and Imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, Cefepime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and tobramycin (MAST, UK). P. aeruginosa ATCC27853 was used as quality control. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Imipenem was performed by E. test strips (Liofilchem, Italy) as described in the manufacturer's instructions. MIC breakpoint was defined according to CLSI guidelines (CLSI, 2019).

Kiani M., Astani A., Eslami G., Khaledi M., Afkhami H., Rostami S., Zarei M., Rezaei Khozani N, & Zandi H. (2021). Upstream region of OprD mutations in imipenem-resistant and imipenem-sensitive Pseudomonas isolates. AMB Express, 11, 82.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacteria

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The antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined on Muller–Hinton agar (Merck, Munchen, Germany) plates by the disk diffusion method (the modified Kirby–Bauer assay) as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).11 The used disks were amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (20/10 µg), ampicillin (10 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), cefepime (30 µg), cefuroxime (30 µg), imipenem (10 µg), aztreonam (30 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), amikacin (30 µg), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (30 µg), nitrofurantoin (300 µg), cipr ofloxacin (5 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), lev ofloxacin (5 µg), gatifloxacin (5 µg), ofloxacin (5 µg), and moxifloxacin (5 µg). All the disks were obtained from MAST Company, Bootle, UK. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of nalidixic acid, cipr ofloxacin, and lev ofloxacin were determined using the agar dilution method and interpreted according to the guidelines of the CLSI.11
E. coli American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 25922 was used as a quality control strain.

Azargun R., Sadeghi M.R., Soroush Barhaghi M.H., Samadi Kafil H., Yeganeh F., Ahangar Oskouee M, & Ghotaslou R. (2018). The prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and ESBL-production in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from urinary tract infections. Infection and Drug Resistance, 11, 1007-1014.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling

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Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed using the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guideline (CLSI, 2014) using Mueller-Hinton agar (Merck, Germany) and Imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, cipro oxacin, ceftazidime, Cefepime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and tobramycin (MAST, UK). P. aeruginosa ATCC27853 was used as quality control. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Imipenem was performed by E. test strips (Lio lchem, Italy) as described in the manufacturer's instructions. MIC breakpoint was de ned according to CLSI guideline (CLSI, 2014).

Kiani M., Astani A., Afkhami H., Khaledi M., Fathi J., Rostami S., Zarei M., & Zandi H. (2020). Upstream Region of OprD Mutations in Imipenem-Resistant and Imipenem-Sensitive Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolates.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility of A. baumannii

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The MIC₉₀ for colistin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA, #C4461), polymyxin B (Sigma, #P0972), penicillin (Sigma, #5161), streptomycin (Sigma, #S9137), ampicillin (Sigma, #171254), vancomycin (Sigma, #SBR00001), doxycycline (Sigma, #D1822), cefepime (Sigma, #Y0000633), meropenem (Sandoz, Basel, Switzerland, #0781-3000-94), piperacillin/tazobactam (Sigma, #93129, #T2820), imipenem (Sigma, #I0090000), and levofloxacin (Sigma, #40922) was determined for wza# and wza-Rev. Briefly, A. baumannii strains were grown to OD600 of ~0.4, washed twice with PBS, resuspended at an OD₆₀₀ of 0.4 (~1 × 10⁸ CFU/mL), and diluted 1:100 in RPMI supplemented with 10% TSB. Antibiotics were serially diluted two-fold from 250 μg/mL to 1.95 μg/mL. Bacteria were added to the diluted antibiotics and grown for 20 h. MIC₉₀ was determined as the concentration at which inhibited 90% or more growth relative to untreated.

Bjånes E., Koh T., Qayum T., Zurich R., McCabe S., Hampel K., Cartwright L, & Nizet V. (2023). Exploring Roles of the Polysaccharide Capsule in Pathogenesis of Hypervirulent Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolate Lac-4. Antibiotics, 13(1), 10.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Protocol

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The reference antibiotics used in the present work included tetracycline (TET), cefepime (CEP), ciprofloxacin (CIP), streptomycin (STP), chloramphenicol (CHL), ampicillin (AMP), erythromycin (ERY), and kanamycin (KAN), all provided by Sigma-Aldrich, St Quentin Fallavier, France. p-Iodonitrotetrazolium (INT) chloride and phenylalanine-arginine-ß-naphthylamide (PAßN) were used as microbial growth indicator and efflux pumps inhibitor (EPI), respectively [47 (link)].

Dzotam J.K, & Kuete V. (2017). Antibacterial and Antibiotic-Modifying Activity of Methanol Extracts from Six Cameroonian Food Plants against Multidrug-Resistant Enteric Bacteria. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1583510.

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Melimine and Mel4 Antimicrobial Peptides

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Melimine (amino acid sequence: TLISWIKNKRKQRPRVSRRRRRRGGRRRR) and Mel4 (amino acid sequence: KNKRKRRRRRRGGRRRR) were synthesized by the conventional solid-phase peptide synthesis protocol and were obtained from Auspep (Tullamarine, Australia). Peptides with >80% purity were used in this study. Melimine is a chimera of the antimicrobial peptides melittin and protamine that we developed to have board spectrum antimicrobial activity. Two different class of antibiotics were used in this study; cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin and Ciprofloxacin is a second-generation fluoroquinolone. Ciprofloxacin, protamine and cefepime were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). The two antibiotics were chosen as fluoroquinolones, such as Ciprofloxacin and cephalosporins, such cefepime as are commonly prescribed to treat P. aeruginosa keratitis.

Kampshoff F., Willcox M.D, & Dutta D. (2019). A Pilot Study of the Synergy between Two Antimicrobial Peptides and Two Common Antibiotics. Antibiotics, 8(2), 60.

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Isolation and Identification of Phytochemicals from Nauclea pobeguinii

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Compounds previously isolated from the bark of Nauclea pobeguinii included 3-acetoxy-11-oxo-urs-12-ene (1), p-coumaric acid (2), citric acid trimethyl ester (3), resveratrol (4), resveratrol β-_D-glucopyranoside (5) and strictosamide (6) (Fig. 1). Their isolation and identification were previously reported [25 (link)]. Tetracycline (TET), cefepime (CEP), ciprofloxacin (CIP), chloramphenicol (CHL), ampicillin (AMP), streptomycin (STR), kanamycin (KAN) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Quentin Fallavier, France) were used as reference antibiotics (RA). p-Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT; Sigma-Aldrich) and Phenylalanine-Arginine-ß-Naphthylamide (PAßN; Sigma-Aldrich) were used as microbial growth indicator and efflux pumps inhibitor (EPI) respectively [27 (link), 28 (link)].Fig. 1

Chemical structures of the compounds isolated from Nauclea pobeguinii.1: 3-acetoxy-11-oxo-urs-12-ene; 2:p-coumaric acid; 3: citric acid trimethyl ester; 4: resveratrol; 5: resveratrol β-_D-glucopyranoside; 6: strictosamide

Seukep J.A., Sandjo L.P., Ngadjui B.T, & Kuete V. (2016). Antibacterial and antibiotic-resistance modifying activity of the extracts and compounds from Nauclea pobeguinii against Gram-negative multi-drug resistant phenotypes. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16, 193.

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