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7 protocols using ix71 inverted microscope

1

Ventral Spinal Cord Explant Culture

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E12.5 ventral spinal cord horns were extracted, as described above. Tissue pieces were seeded onto the bottom of a 35 mm Ø glass plate (NuncTM), on top of a thin layer of Matrigel™ previously mixed with recombinant VEGF (50 ng/mL; Peprotech), LIF (1 ng/mL~104 U/mL; Merck Millipore, Germany), GDNF (30 ng/mL, Peprotech), or Angiopoietin I (100 ng/mL; R&D Systems, USA), or a combination of these. Angpt1 was complexed overnight with a 1:100 dilution of an AntiHis antibody (R&D Systems) before adding it to the MatrigelTM. After that, a 20 µL drop of the corresponding Matrigel™ mixture was placed on top of the explant and left at 37 °C for jellification. After 15’, MN culture media without factors (BDNF, CTNF, and GDNF) was added to each plate. Photomicrographs were taken 24 h after seeding with an Olympus IX71 inverted microscope and a Hamamatsu Orca Flash 4.0 camera.
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2

Quantifying Neuronal Differentiation in SK-N-SH Cells

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Five thousand SK-N-SH cells were seeded per well in 12-well plates and chemically treated the next day. After treatment, phase-contrast images were recorded (ten fields of view per well) with an Olympus IX71 inverted microscope and a Hamamatsu Orca R2 monochrome camera and randomised for blind analysis. The length of the neurites in each image was measured using the NeuroJ plugin on ImageJ76 . Only neurites longer than the cell body were measured and an average neurite length per field was calculated.
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3

In utero and ex utero time-lapse imaging

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In utero time lapse: adult hermaphrodite worms were anesthetized as previously described (Kirby et al., 1990 (link); McCarter et al., 1999 (link)) and mounted between a 22 × 30 mm coverslip and a thin 3% agarose pad on a slide (Figures 2, A and B, 3C, 4A, and 6A). Ex utero time lapse: adult hermaphrodite worms were placed in 10 μl of 0.8X egg salts (1× egg salts: 118 mM NaCl, 40 mM KCl, 3.4 mM MgCl2, 3.4 mM CaCl2, and 5 mM HEPES, pH 7.4; Carvalho et al., 2011 (link)) on a 22 × 30 mm coverglass where the embryos were dissected out and the remaining worm carcasses were carefully removed. The coverslip was then inverted onto a slide that had coverslips attached as spacers to prevent squashing the embryos (Figures 1, A and C, 2D, and 5, A and C). Images in Figures 2D, 3C, and 4A were captured with a PerkinElmer-Cetus Ultraview Spinning Disk Confocal equipped with an Orca R2 CCD and an Olympus 100×/NA 1.35 oil objective. Images in Figures 1, A and C, 2, A and B, and 5, A and C) were captured with an Olympus IX71 inverted microscope with a 60×/NA 1.42 Plan-Apo objective and equipped with a Hamamatsu Orca R2 C10600-10B digital CCD camera. Images in Figure 6A were captured with a PerkinElmer-Cetus Ultraview Spinning Disk Confocal equipped with an ORCA Flash 4.0 CMOS camera and an Olympus 100×/NA1.35 oil objective.
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4

Immunofluorescent Detection of Primary Cilia

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Confluent cell monolayers exposed overnight to the various experimental conditions were rinsed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and fixed for 10 min in a freshly prepared solution of paraformaldehyde (4%) and sucrose (2%). Cells were then washed three times with PBS, blocked for 30 min with BSA (1%) in PBS, and incubated for 60 min with an anti-acetylated-α-tubulin antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) to identify primary cilia (Raychowdhury et al., 2005 (link)). Anti-mouse IgG FITC-coupled (Invitrogen) was used as secondary antibody. Cells were counter-stained with DAPI to locate cell nuclei and mounted with Vectashield mounting medium (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). Cells were viewed under an Olympus IX71 inverted microscope connected to a digital CCD camera C4742-80-12AG (Hamamatsu Photonics KK, Bridgewater, NJ). Images were collected and analyzed with the IPLab Spectrum acquisition and analysis software (Scanalytics, Viena, VA), running on a Dell-NEC personal computer.
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5

Imaging Neurons with EB3 Comets

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Immunofluorescence stained images were acquired with an Olympus IX-71 inverted microscope equipped with a CoolLED fluorescent light source, a Hamamatsu ORCA-R2 camera, and MetaMorph software. 10 × 0.4 N.A., 40 × 0.95 N.A., or 60 × 1.35 N.A. Plan Apochromat objective lenses were used to collect fluorescence images.
Live cell imaging was performed on a Nikon Eclipse-Ti inverted microscope equipping with a TIRF illuminator, a built-in Perfect Focus system, and a Tokai Hit TIZHB live cell chamber. Images were acquired using a 60 × 1.49 N.A. Plan Apochromat objective lens, a 561 nm DPSS laser, a Photometrics CoolSNAP HQ2 camera, and Nikon NIS-Elements imaging software. Images were acquired every 500 milliseconds over a 2-minute period. Only the neurons with clear EB3 comets were imaged.
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6

Visualizing Astrocyte Vesicular Fusion

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An Olympus total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscope was used to detect vesicular fusion events in astrocytes expressing VNUT–eGFP or CD63‐mKate, as described in detail previously (Angelova et al., 2015; Kasymov et al., 2013). Fluorescence was excited at 488 nm and collected at 500–530 nm for eGFP and excited at 488 nm and collected at 600–660 nm for mKate. The imaging setup was equipped with a high‐NA oil‐immersion objective (60×, 1.65 NA), an Olympus IX71 inverted microscope and a Hamamatsu CCD camera. Images were acquired using Olympus Cellt^ool software (Olympus) and later converted and analyzed with Zeiss Zen software (Zeiss).
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7

Quantifying Cell Proliferation in Wound Healing

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To assess proliferation in confluent and wound-edge cells, the Click-iT EdU AlexaFluor488 Imaging Kit (C10337; Life Technologies, Burlington, Ontario, Canada) was used according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, 50% of the media was replaced with fresh media containing 20 mM EdU (final concentration 10 mM EdU) and cells were returned to the incubator for 2 hours. Coverslips were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (43368; Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA) for 15 minutes, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton-X for 20 minutes, incubated with Click-iT reaction cocktail for 30 minutes, and then incubated with 49,6-diamidine-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for 30 minutes (1:50000, D1306; Invitrogen Calsbad, Ca). Coverslips were mounted with FluorSave (34789; Calbiochem, Darmstadt, Germany). Widefield (10Â) images were captured with an Olympus IX71 inverted microscope equipped with a Hamamatsu OrcaR2 12-bit camera. Using ImageJ software, cells were counted separately in DAPI and EdU images, and data were expressed as percentage of EdU-positive cells.
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