The following reagent grade or greater chemicals were used: concentrated hydrochloric acid, ferric chloride hexahydrate, trolox, and 2,4,6‐tris(2‐pyridyl)‐s‐triazine (TPTZ) from Sigma Aldrich; ACS certified grade ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, glacial acetic acid, molecular biology grade ethanol (200 proof), and DPPH from Fisher Scientific; sodium acetate trihydrate (≥99%) from Avantor; gallic acid monohydrate from Acros Organics; Folin‐Ciocalteu reagent from Merck; sodium carbonate monohydrate from J. T. Baker Chemical; and ultrapure water produced on‐site. Nitrogen, 99.998% and helium, 99.999% were from Praxair. Chemicals were used without further purification. All chemicals originated from the United States.
Helium
Manufactured by Linde
Sourced in Canada, Spain, Portugal
Helium is an inert gas that is used in various laboratory equipment. It has a low boiling point and is non-flammable, making it suitable for cryogenic applications and as a shielding gas in analytical instruments.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Gc ms qp2010 se detector, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Gc 2010 plus, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetic anhydride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Pyridine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hp 5973, by Agilent Technologies (2 mentions)
Ferric chloride hexahydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Concentrated hydrochloric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Molecular biology grade ethanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium acetate trihydrate, by Avantor (1 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Gallic acid monohydrate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Glacial acetic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Trolox, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dichloromethane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Gcms qp2010 ultra, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Trace 1300 series, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Deoxycholic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
22 protocols using helium
1
Comprehensive Antioxidant Capacity Assay
2
Metformin Synthesis and Characterization
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N,N-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride (95.0%), commonly known as metformin, was purchased from a local pharmacy in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Potassium hydroxide (KOH, ACS reagent, ≥85%, Sigma-Aldrich, Ontario, Canada) was used to provide the alkaline medium. Organic solvents such as dichloromethane, methanol, and ethanol, all of ACS grade, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Ontario, Canada and used as received. O2, used for the oxy-cracking experiments, N2 and air mixture, used for the TOC analysis, and helium, the carrier gas for the GCMS, were all of ultrahigh purity grade, obtained from Praxair, Calgary, Canada.
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N,N-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride (95.0%), commonly known as metformin, was purchased from a local pharmacy in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Potassium hydroxide (KOH, ACS reagent, ≥85%, Sigma-Aldrich, Ontario, Canada) was used to provide the alkaline medium. Organic solvents such as dichloromethane, methanol, and ethanol, all of ACS grade, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Ontario, Canada and used as received. O2, used for the oxy-cracking experiments, N2 and air mixture, used for the TOC analysis, and helium, the carrier gas for the GCMS, were all of ultrahigh purity grade, obtained from Praxair, Calgary, Canada.
3
GC-MS Analysis of Derivatized Extracts
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Derivatized extracts were independently injected onto a GC-MS system composed of a gas chromatograph equipped with an autosampler and a quadrupole mass analyzer (GCMS-QP2010 Ultra, Shimadzu Corporation, Japan) equipped with an electron impact ion source. The GC separation was performed using a fused silica BPX5 capillary column with a length of 30 m × 0.25 mm ID and a film thickness of 0.25 μm (SGE Analytical Science, Victoria, Australia). The oven program was set as follows: 80°C (2 min); 10°C min−1 to 325°C (3.5 min) for a total runtime of 30 min. Injections of 1 μL of sample extracts were performed in split mode (1:200) at a temperature of 230°C. Helium (99.999 %; Praxair, Valencia, Spain) was used as the carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 2 mL min−1. The interface and source temperatures were set to 325°C and 230°C, respectively. Scan rate was set at 5 scan s−1 within 50 to 700 amu mass range. After acquisition, chromatogram files were converted to NetCDF for further processing.
4
GC-MS Analysis of Organic Compounds
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A Thermo Scientific Trace 1300 Series gas chromatograph with a Trace ISQ LT mass spectrometer detector and an AI 1310 autosampler injector was used to carry out the GC analysis (Thermo Fischer Scientific, San José, CA, USA). The chromatographic conditions were as follows: a ZB-5MS 5% phenyl, 95% dimethylpolysiloxane (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm) column from Phenomenex® (Torrance, CA, USA) was used; the injection port temperature was set at 300 °C. The injection mode was splitless, and the injection volume was 1.0 µL. Helium (from Praxair, Madrid, Spain) was used as carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. The transfer line and source temperature were set at 300 °C. The oven temperature was initially set at 40 °C for 2 min, then increased at a rate of 9 °C/min until 300 °C and held at 300 °C for 3 min. The chromatograms were acquired in full scan mode over m/z range of 35–500. The mass spectra were obtained with a mass-selective detector under electron impact ionization mode at a voltage of 70 eV. For data acquisition and processing, Xcalibur 3.0.63.3 software was used. Mass spectra libraries NIST/EPA/NIH 11 (version 2.0) and Wiley RegistryTM 8th edition were used for identification purposes.
5
Comprehensive Analytical Protocols Across Disciplines
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Deoxycholic acid (≥98%, HPLC) was
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without purification. Ethanol
(Uvasol, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and water (LC-MS grade, VWR International
GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) were of LC-MS grade or higher. Ergosterol
(≥85%) was obtained from Cayman chemical company. Helium was
purchased from Praxair with a purity of 99.9999%. Mouse brain tissue
(C57BL6/N male and female mice, 12–20 weeks of age) was obtained
from collaboration partners at JLU Giessen (Institute of Veterinary
Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, JLU Giessen) and stored at −80
°C until sectioning. Larvae of D. plexippus were raised on A. curassavica, provided
by the Institute for Insect Biotechnology (Justus Liebig University
Giessen, Giessen, Germany), and stored at −80 °C until
sectioning. Chili pepper “Carolina Reaper” seeds were
purchased from Chili Food (Bad Dürkheim, Germany), grown, collected,
and dried. Paracetamol was analyzed from a tablet (Paracetamol-ratiopharm
500 mg).
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without purification. Ethanol
(Uvasol, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and water (LC-MS grade, VWR International
GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) were of LC-MS grade or higher. Ergosterol
(≥85%) was obtained from Cayman chemical company. Helium was
purchased from Praxair with a purity of 99.9999%. Mouse brain tissue
(C57BL6/N male and female mice, 12–20 weeks of age) was obtained
from collaboration partners at JLU Giessen (Institute of Veterinary
Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, JLU Giessen) and stored at −80
°C until sectioning. Larvae of D. plexippus were raised on A. curassavica, provided
by the Institute for Insect Biotechnology (Justus Liebig University
Giessen, Giessen, Germany), and stored at −80 °C until
sectioning. Chili pepper “Carolina Reaper” seeds were
purchased from Chili Food (Bad Dürkheim, Germany), grown, collected,
and dried. Paracetamol was analyzed from a tablet (Paracetamol-ratiopharm
500 mg).
6
Comprehensive Chemical Characterization
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The following chemicals were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville ON, Canada) and used without further purification: chloroform (≥99%, with 0.75% ethanol as stabilizer), ethanol (≥99.8%, HPLC grade), pyridine (≥99.8%, anhydrous), N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA, GC grade), acetic anhydride (≥98%), diethyl ether (≥99.7%, anhydrous, 1 ppm BHT as inhibitor), lithium aluminum hydride (≥95%), sulphuric acid (95–98%), O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (≥98%), boron trifluoride-methanol solution (14%), primuline (50% dye content), acetone (≥99.9%, HPLC grade). n-Tetracosane (≥99%) was from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill MA, USA). Gases were acquired from Praxair Canada (Vancouver BC, Canada): nitrogen (≥99.998%), helium (≥99%), and hydrogen (≥99.95%).
7
Bacterial Fatty Acid Profiling
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After 24 h incubation on KB, 40 mg of bacterial cells from the KB medium were harvested. Saponification, methylation, extraction, and base wash were conducted according to previously described methods to convert the total cellular fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for gas chromatography (GC) analysis. An Agilent 7890A GC system equipped with a capillary-optimized flame ionization detector (FID) and an ARC Polyarc reactor (PA-RRC-A02) was used for the analysis of FAME using helium (99.999%, Praxair) as the carrier and FID makeup gas. The GC results were automatically compared with Sherlock libraries by a covariance matrix, principal component analysis, and pattern recognition software to identify bacteria based on their distinct fatty acid profiles.
8
Antioxidant Chemicals Characterization
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Hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from VWR (Montréal, QC, Canada). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), methylene chloride, and nonyl acetate were obtained from Fisher (Montréal, QC, Canada). Helium was from Praxair (Mississauga, ON, Canada). DMA, TMA, TMAO, and Trolox standards, as well as 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and fluorescein, were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St-Louis, MO, USA).
9
Electroantennogram Analysis of Moth Webs
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Studies of the electroantennogram (EAG) activity of natural samples of all four categories of webs with female O. exvinacea moth antennae were carried out as described earlier 11 . Gas chromatography electroantennodetection (GC-EAD) studies were carried out with highly preferred web volatiles against the antenna of gravid female moth according to the procedure described earlier 9 .
The volatiles of the highly preferred web were subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analysis using an HP 6890 system (Agilent Technologies, USA) coupled with a mass selective detector (HP 5973; Agilent Technologies, USA) operated in electron impact mode (source temperature: 230C; transfer line temperature: 250C). A HP-5 MS phenyl methyl siloxane nonpolar capillary column (length: 30 m; ID: 0.25 m) was used. The mobile phase was helium (99.9% pure; Praxair, India) with a flow rate of 1 ml -1 . Split inlet with a split ratio of 50 : 1 and temperature of 280C were set before injecting the samples. Oven temperature programme was set to 70C min -1 with 2 min hold and a ramp of 10C min -1 till 260C. The MS detector was maintained at 280C. Mass spectra of GC EAD-detected compounds were compared using spectral libraries (Wiley 2012 and NIST 2012 versions).
The volatiles of the highly preferred web were subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analysis using an HP 6890 system (Agilent Technologies, USA) coupled with a mass selective detector (HP 5973; Agilent Technologies, USA) operated in electron impact mode (source temperature: 230C; transfer line temperature: 250C). A HP-5 MS phenyl methyl siloxane nonpolar capillary column (length: 30 m; ID: 0.25 m) was used. The mobile phase was helium (99.9% pure; Praxair, India) with a flow rate of 1 ml -1 . Split inlet with a split ratio of 50 : 1 and temperature of 280C were set before injecting the samples. Oven temperature programme was set to 70C min -1 with 2 min hold and a ramp of 10C min -1 till 260C. The MS detector was maintained at 280C. Mass spectra of GC EAD-detected compounds were compared using spectral libraries (Wiley 2012 and NIST 2012 versions).
10
Analytical Reagents for Organic Synthesis
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Petroleum ether (40-60°C; 95%) was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). 2,3-Hexanedione (94%) and 2,4,5-trimethyl oxazole (97%) were obtained from Alfa Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany).
Benzaldehyde (99%) and hydrogen peroxide (30%) were obtained from AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetic acid (100%), chloroform-d (99.8 atom% D, with 0.03 vol% TMS, stabilized with Ag), diethyl ether (99.5%), iron(II) sulphate heptahydrate (99.5%), sodium carbonate decahydrate (98%), sodium sulphate (p.a.) and sulfuric acid (96%) were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Pentanal (97%) was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Darmstadt, Germany), Silica gel 60 was purchased from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, Germany) and 2,3-butanedione (97%) from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetoin (96%), 2,3-pentanedione (97%), 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (98%) and 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). 5-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazine (98%) was obtained from TCI (Eschborn, Germany). Butanal (97%) and propanal (97%) were purchased from Th. Geyer (Renningen, Germany) and ethyl acetate (98%) from VWR (Darmstadt, Germany). Helium (5.0) was obtained from Praxair (Düsseldorf, Germany) and nitrogen (5.0) from Air Liquide (Düsseldorf, Germany). All numbers given in parentheses represent the minimum purity.
Benzaldehyde (99%) and hydrogen peroxide (30%) were obtained from AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetic acid (100%), chloroform-d (99.8 atom% D, with 0.03 vol% TMS, stabilized with Ag), diethyl ether (99.5%), iron(II) sulphate heptahydrate (99.5%), sodium carbonate decahydrate (98%), sodium sulphate (p.a.) and sulfuric acid (96%) were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Pentanal (97%) was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Darmstadt, Germany), Silica gel 60 was purchased from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, Germany) and 2,3-butanedione (97%) from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetoin (96%), 2,3-pentanedione (97%), 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (98%) and 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). 5-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazine (98%) was obtained from TCI (Eschborn, Germany). Butanal (97%) and propanal (97%) were purchased from Th. Geyer (Renningen, Germany) and ethyl acetate (98%) from VWR (Darmstadt, Germany). Helium (5.0) was obtained from Praxair (Düsseldorf, Germany) and nitrogen (5.0) from Air Liquide (Düsseldorf, Germany). All numbers given in parentheses represent the minimum purity.
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