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162 protocols using acqknowledge software

1

Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure in Rats

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A BIOPAC MP 150 system and AcqKnowledge software (BIOPAC) were employed to measure the blood pressure of rats. After acclimatization, rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (80 mg/kg). Following carotid artery intubation, a pressure transducer and transmitter were advanced into the carotid artery in a retrograde manner. The microcatheter was rotated and secured with a cephalad‐oriented tip. The MP 150 data acquisition analysis system and AcqKnowledge software (BIOPAC System, Goleta, CA, USA) were configured according to the manufacturer's instructions. The Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) of WKYs and SHRs were recorded.
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2

Assessing Conditioned Fear Responses using Skin Conductance

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Conditioned fear responses were assessed offline using Acqknowledge software (BIOPAC System). Each individual’s SCR data was preprocessed using Acqknowledge software (BIOPAC systems) prior to analysis by low-pass filtering (cutoff frequency 25Hz) and mean-value smoothing using a 3-sample window. Fear responses were measured by taking the largest base-to-peak waveform amplitude response (in microsiemens, µS) within the 0.5 to 4.5s interval after CS onset. Responses lower than a pre-determined criterion of 0.02 µS were recorded as zero. Raw SCR amplitudes were square root transformed to reduce skew and were subsequently divided by individuals’ mean US response in order to account for individual differences in shock reactivity (Lykken, & Venables, 1971 (link)). To assess how day 1 learning developed over time, both acquisition and extinction phases were divided into an early (first half of trials) and late (latter half of trials) phase. We calculated conditioned fear responses by subtracting mean SCR to the baseline stimulus from that of the threat-related stimulus (CS+ minus CS−).
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3

Posturographic and Physiological Measurements

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Posturographic and physiological data were recorded at a rate of 1,000 Hz using a MP-150 Biopac System and simultaneously computed by AcqKnowledge software (Biopac Inc., Santa Barbara, CA). Displacements of the COP were recorded during the rest stance by a posturographic platform (Satel, Blagnac, France). Analog data from three strain gauges were recorded and anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) displacements of the COP were computed by AcqKnowledge software (Biopac Inc., Santa Barbara, CA). Electrodermal activity (EDA) was recorded with two Ag/AgCl electrodes (GSR100C, Biopac Inc., Santa Barbara, CA) filled with isotonic paste attached to the volar surface of the index and middle fingers of the subject's hand. A constant-voltage device was used to deliver 0.5 V between electrodes. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were recorded with a standard Lead-II electrocardiogram using three disposable electrodes (EL503, BIOPAC Inc., Goleta, CA, USA).
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4

Synchronized Cardiac Cycle Stimulus Presentation

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Electrocardiogram was recorded using an MP150 Biopac System (ECG100C). The ECG was recorded with Ag/AgCl electrodes placed on the right collarbone and the left rib. The sampling rate was 2,000 Hz, and a hardware bandpass filter between 0.3 and 1,000 Hz was applied. The signal was recorded using the AcqKnowledge software (Biopac Systems).
To synchronize the onset of the presentation of the discriminative stimuli, heartbeats were detected online using a threshold-based R-peak detection method in AcqKnowledge software. Using the timing of each heartbeat, the onset of presentation of the discriminative stimuli was set to coincide with the systolic (∼300 ms after the R-peak) or diastolic (∼550 ms after the R-peak) phases of the cardiac cycle (Gray et al., 2009 (link); Garfinkel et al., 2014 (link); Azevedo et al., 2017 (link), 2018 (link)).
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5

Pulse Oximetry Measurement in MRI

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Pulse oximetry was acquired using an MRI-compatible oximeter (Nonin Medical Inc, 8600FO MRI, Plymouth, MN, USA) placed over the middle finger of the participant’s left hand; data were output to a BIOPAC MP150 system and recorded using the BIOPAC Acqknowledge software (version 4.1; BIOPAC Systems Inc., Goleta, CA, USA).
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6

Colon Nerve Tension Analysis

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The whole colon with lumber colonic nerve (LCN) and inferior mesenteric
ganglion (IMG) intact was dissected from WT and Adra1a KO mice
as shown in Fig. 5A. Threads were attached
at proximal, mid and distal colon with hooks and the tensions at those 3 points
were measured by three isometric tension transducers (model TST105A; Biopac
Systems Inc.) with the Biopac Acqknowledge software (Biopac Systems Inc.).
Electrical stimulation was applied to proximal colon as transmural nerve
stimulation (TNS) and to IMG as sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS) by bipolar
platinum electrodes. For TNS and SNS, electrical stimulation was made of 0.3 ms
pulse duration with 150 V. An acrylic partition was placed between the IMG and
colonic wall to prevent electrical currents from directly stimulating the
colonic musculature. The Krebs solution of the organ bath was perfused by a
water pump (Gilson Medical Electronics, Middleton, Wisconsn, USA) and maintained
at 36°C by a water bath heater (American Dade, Miami, FL, USA). The colon
was left in the organ bath for 30 min and then initial tension of 30–40
mN was applied at each point of connection with the force transducers.
Experimental protocols were performed 1 hour after the initial tension was
applied.
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7

Contractility of Distal Colon Muscle

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Distal colon was dissected from WT and Adra1a KO mice
and the mucosa was peeled off. Threads were tied at both end of the strips of
it, and contractions of CM were measured using an isometric force transducer
(model TST105A; Biopac Systems Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA) and the Biopac
Acqknowledge software (Biopac Systems Inc.). The muscle strips were perfused
with oxygenated, warmed (36°C) Krebs solution for 1 hour, and then the
muscles were stretched (20–30 mN). The experimental protocols were
started when the spontaneous phasic contractions (SPCs) and basal tension became
consistent, about 1 hour after applying the initial stretch. To analyze the
responses of SPCs to phenylephrine in the specific conditions, 4 parameters of
SPCs (AUC, amplitude, tone and frequency) were measured for 5 minutes after
adding phenylephrine 10 nM – 10 μM. The amplitude of SPCs was
calculated as the average of the difference of tension from the bottom to the
peak of the trace of SPCs and the tone was calculated as the average of the
tension at the bottom of the trace of SPCs.
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8

Colon Muscle Contractility Assay

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Distal colon was dissected from wild-type mice, and the mucosa was peeled off. Threads were tied at both end of the strips of it, and contractions of circular muscle layer were measured using an isometric force transducer (model TST105A; Biopac Systems Inc, Santa Barbara, CA) and the Biopac Acqknowledge software (Biopac Systems Inc). The muscle strips were perfused with oxygenated, warmed (36°C) Krebs solution for 1 hour, and then the muscles were stretched (20–30 mN). The experimental protocols were started when the SPCs and basal tension became consistent, about 1 hour after applying the initial stretch. Each of the experimental protocols was applied to one sample, and any multiple experimental protocols were not applied in one single samples. To analyze the responses of SPCs to PACAP in the specific conditions, 4 parameters of SPCs (AUC, amplitude, tone, and frequency) were measured for 5 minutes after adding PACAP 1 nM to 100 nM. The amplitude of PACAP was calculated as the average of the difference of tension from the bottom to the peak of the trace of SPCs, and the tone was calculated as the average of the tension at the bottom of the trace of SPCs. All experiments were performed under the presence of TTX 1 μM to eliminate neural effects to muscle contractility.
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9

Electrodermal Fear Response Measurement

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Electric shocks were delivered by a constant-current STM200 stimulator (BIOPAC Systems, Goleta, CA, USA). A stimulating electrode was attached to the right inner wrist. The stimulus presentation was controlled by a computer using E-Prime software (Psychology Software Tools, Sharpsburg, PA, USA). The fear response was assessed by the SCR, which was measured using a BIOPAC MP150 system and analyzed using AcqKnowledge software (BIOPAC Systems) and recorded through shielded Ag-AgCl electrodes attached to the second and third fingers of the left hand. SCR data were low-pass filtered and smoothed. The greatest base to peak change in SCR in a 0- to 6-s window after each CS onset was assessed. These values were then square-root transformed to normalize the distribution.
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10

Cardiac Electrophysiology in Diabetic Rats

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At 0, 3, 7, 35 days post-STZ, rats were studied non-invasively using an electrocardiographic data acquisition system (MP100, BIOPAC Systems, Inc.). Rats were anesthetized by light halothane inhalation (0.5-1% halothane) to maintain a stable plane of anesthesia while preserving physiologic heart rates. Animals were placed in the supine position on a heated gel pack during study. 3-lead recordings were collected with adhesive electrodes (BIOPAC Systems, Inc.) attached to the top of each paw. Electrocardiograms were collected digitally over a 180 second span at a sampling rate of 2000 Hz.
ECG signals were averaged over 150-200 beats in triplicate for each animal at each time point, using ACQKnowledge Software (BIOPAC Systems, Inc.). Mean P-wave duration, P-R interval, QRS complex duration, Q-T interval, and T-wave duration were determined. R-R interval was determined from the average of the entire 180 second acquisition, and was stable over the time in which waveforms were measured (p=NS). Rate-corrected QT interval was determined by Fridericia's method.
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