Sodium chloride nacl

Cocoa bean shells (CBSs), originally from cocoa plantations in the Andean region in Colombia, by Casa Luker S.A. (Caldas, Colombia), were collected after the harvesting, fermentation, and drying of cocoa beans. The samples were stored at room temperature in closed polypropylene re-closable zip bags. PLA 2003D TDS provided by Nature Works LLC (Minnetonka, MN, USA) was used as a polymeric matrix for the composite fabrication. Sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.9%) was obtained from PanReac AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany). Vero cells (CCL-81) were acquired from ATCC^® (Manassas, VA, USA). Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and trypsin EDTA were obtained from Biowest (Riverside, MO, USA). Triton X-100, ethanol (99.5%), methanol (99.8%), benzene (99.8%), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, 98%), ascorbic acid (99%), Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99%), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), glucose G8270 (99.5%), and xylose X1500 (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). DPPH free radical was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Arginine–Sepharose 4B gel was acquired from GE Healthcare Biosciences (Uppsala, Sweden). All buffers used for the chromatographic experiments were freshly prepared with 0.05% diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) treated water and were filtered through a 0.20 µm pore sized membrane. Sodium chloride (NaCl) was purchased from Panreac and tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) from Sigma–Aldrich. PEI of Mw 2 kDa, CS medium molecular weight (Mw 190–310 kDa; degree of deacetylation in the 75–85% range), SA Grade I (98.5%), human lactoferrin, 2-iminothiolane hydrochloride (2-IOT, 98%), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and all cell culture media and reagents used in cell culture procedures were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer I (FITC), Hoechst 33342^®, and AlexaFluor 488^® were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Mouse neuroblastoma cells stably transfected with cDNA encoding human APP695 (N2a695) were kindly provided by Professor Wenjie Luo (Weill Cornell Medical College). The rat brain microvascular endothelial cell line (RBE4) was provided as a gift by the laboratory of Dr. M. Aschner (Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, TN, USA).