Spectral domain oct

Manufactured by Heidelberg Engineering

Sourced in Germany

The Spectral domain OCT is a non-invasive imaging device that uses low-coherence interferometry to capture high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the eye. It operates by splitting a broadband light source into a reference beam and a sample beam, which is then recombined to produce an interference pattern. This pattern is then analyzed to generate detailed images of the eye's internal structures.

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Lab products found in correlation

Trc 50dx, by Topcon (2 mentions) Acepromazine, by Boehringer Ingelheim (1 mentions) Heidelberg spectralis hra, by Heidelberg Engineering (1 mentions) Slit lamp, by Haag-Streit (1 mentions) Casia2, by Tomey (1 mentions) Slit lamp biomicroscopy, by Topcon (1 mentions) Fundus camera, by Topcon (1 mentions) Octopus 900, by Haag-Streit (1 mentions) Image pro plus 6.0 analysis software, by Media Cybernetics (1 mentions) Autorefractometer, by Topcon (1 mentions) Iol master, by Zeiss (1 mentions) Glaucoma module premium edition, by Heidelberg Engineering (1 mentions)

18 protocols using spectral domain oct

Foveal Thickness Evaluation in Epiretinal Membranes

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After obtaining a detailed ophthalmic and medical history of the patients, we conducted a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, which included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measurement with a Snellen chart, slit lamp biomicroscopy, lens status and indirect ophthalmoscopy with a 90-diopter precorneal lens, and specral domain-OCT imaging. According to The Lens Opacities Classification System III (LCOS III) criteria ( OCT imaging results were examined using Spectral domain-OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) with standard Spectral domain-OCT scans (512 A-scans, 20 × 15°). FH was defined as the herniation of the superficial layers of the retina toward the vitreous space via the ERM opening. The length between the inner retinal and outer retinal surfaces at the fovea centralis indicated the central foveal thickness (CFT).
Baseline parameters included the BCVA and CFT measurement.

Ozdemir H., Karacorlu M., Elbay A, & Kirik F. (2022). Effect of foveal herniation on surgical outcomes in patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane. Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia, 85(5).

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Multimodal Imaging of Tumor Vasculature

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In vivo tumor confocal infrared (IR) imaging and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were conducted with the spectral domain OCT (Spectralis Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). The examiner held the egg in a 45 °C degree position without damaging the embryonic structures. The window of the eggshell was expanded if necessary. The infrared images offered an en face perspective and details regarding the vascular supply and provided measurement data for length and width, as well as the marked tumor area. The vertical and horizontal extent, as well as the integration and invasion into the CAM membrane, were evaluated with the OCT images. The largest basal diameter, as well as the depth of invasion, were statistically assessed.

Tsimpaki T., Bechrakis N.E., Seitz B., Kraemer M.M., Liu H., Dalbah S., Sokolenko E., Berchner-Pfannschmidt U, & Fiorentzis M. (2023). Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane as a Patient-Derived Xenograft Model for Uveal Melanoma: Imaging Modalities for Growth and Vascular Evaluation. Cancers, 15(5), 1436.

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Choroidal Thickness Measurement in Guinea Pigs

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We used spectral-domain OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) and OCT to scan the optic disc center of the guinea pigs to obtain the relevant parameter of ChT. As illustrated in Figure 1, the upper boundary of the choroid was defined as the outer surface of the retinal pigment epithelium, and the lower boundary was the inner surface of the sclera. The optic disc was the center referred to by Zhang et al.,²⁵ (link) who made two concentric circles with radii of 600 µm and 1500 µm. We also measured the ChT by choosing the area around the intersection of the two concentric circles with the yellow line, and the averaged ChT was from eight locations of four quadrants. In each guinea pig, eight locations were selected for measurements within the four quadrants of superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal sections that intersected the concentric circles, and the average was calculated. We then performed correlation analysis between the axis length and ChT.

Liu J., Wei H., Yang Z., Hao Y., Wang G., Li T., Yu T., Liao H., Bao B., Wu Q., Bi H, & Guo D. (2022). Enhanced Apoptosis in Choroidal Tissues in Lens-Induced Myopia Guinea Pigs by Activating the RASA1 Signaling Pathway. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 63(11), 5.

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Retinal Changes in COVID-19 Patients

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All participants (N = 80) underwent slit-lamp evaluation, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) assessment and spectral domain OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Inc., Heidelberg, Germany). Two ophthalmologists examined COVID-19 patients for the presence of papilledema, and any retinal or choroidal pathology. OCT studies were performed by two experienced technicians without prior pupil dilatation. The minimum signal strength for acceptable OCT image quality was defined as > 7/10. The GCLT values of both eyes were measured from the macula via spectral domain OCT, and subjects in which the two eyes showed a GCLT difference greater than 2 micrometers were planned to be excluded from the study with respect to the possibility of unknown ocular confounders. However, none of the patients were excluded according to this criterion. For comparative analyses, we used the GCLT values of the right eye of each participant.

Taskiran-Sag A., Eroglu E., Ozulken K., Canlar S., Poyraz B.M., Sekerlisoy M.B, & Mumcuoglu T. (2022). Headache and cognitive disturbance correlate with ganglion cell layer thickness in patients who recovered from COVID-19. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 217, 107263.

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Corneal Thickness Measurement in Mice

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Relatively thin central corneas are an independent risk factor for POAG and associated with tonometric underestimation of true IOP^{44 (link)–46 (link)}. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured in mice by ocular coherence tomography (OCT, Spectral Domain-OCT, Heidelberg engineering). Mice that were lightly sedated with intraperitoneal acepromazine (2 mg/kg; Boehringer Ingelheim) were positioned on an elevated platform and three scans were taken per eye and captured images were viewed in OCT software (Heidelberg Eye Explorer). CCT was determined by measuring the distance between the corneal epithelium and endothelium at the center of the cornea and on 4 more locations right next to center. Three independent investigators who were masked to mouse strain analyzed the images and conducted measurements in NIH ImageJ software^{99 (link)}. Images were captured in Tsk and WT mice (aged 3–8 and 10–15 m; n = 5–13 mice per group).

Ko M.K., Woo J.I., Gonzalez JM J.r., Kim G., Sakai L., Peti-Peterdi J., Kelber J.A., Hong Y.K, & Tan J.C. (2022). Fibrillin-1 mutant mouse captures defining features of human primary open glaucoma including anomalous aqueous humor TGF beta-2. Scientific Reports, 12, 10623.

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Retinal Imaging and Layer Segmentation

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Retinal imaging was performed using spectral-domain OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany, eye explorer software version 1.9.10.0) as previously described [7 (link)]. Peripapillary, retinal-nerve-fiber-layer (pRNFL) thickness and macular volume (MV) were obtained. Intra-retinal-layer segmentation was executed to quantify the Ganglion Cell Layer (GCL) through the Viewing Module 6.0. We followed the APOSTEL guidelines for reporting OCT studies (see S1 and S2 Tables) [20 (link)].

Caverzasi E., Cordano C., Zhu A.H., Zhao C., Bischof A., Kirkish G., Bennett D.J., Devereux M., Baker N., Inman J., Yiu H.H., Papinutto N., Gelfand J.M., Cree B.A., Hauser S.L., Henry R.G, & Green A.J. (2020). Imaging correlates of visual function in multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE, 15(8), e0235615.

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Comprehensive Ocular Examinations for Disease Assessment

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Comprehensive ocular examinations were conducted, including measurement of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and axial length. Slit-lamp microscopy, ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), ultrasound B scanning, and MRI were performed. To evaluate the fundus, ultrawidefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT), swept-source OCT (SS-OCT), FFA, and ICGA were performed. Electrooculography and electroretinography were performed to evaluate retinal function.
Visual acuity was examined via an Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart (Precision Vision, La Salle, IL, USA). IOP was measured with a noncontact TX-20 Canon tonometer. Anterior segment photographs were obtained using a slit lamp (Haag-Streit, Bern, Switzerland), and UBM was conducted using a model SW-3200L instrument (Tianjin Suowei Electronic Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China). Fundus photography was performed using a Zeiss FF450 instrument (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). OCT images were obtained via spectral domain OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). FFA, ICGA, and SD-OCT were performed using a Heidelberg Spectralis HRA (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). A-scan ultrasonic biometry (Model Cinescan; Quantel Medical, Clermont-Ferrand, France) was used to measure axial length.

Jiang Z., Zhang T., Liu X., Liang D., Zhong Y., Chan C.C, & Ding X. (2020). Multimodal Imaging Features of Bilateral Choroidal Ganglioneuroma. Journal of Ophthalmology, 2020, 6231269.

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Retinal Detachment Evaluation Using OCT

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Retinal images were recorded using spectral-domain OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Line scans centered on the fovea in the vertical and horizontal directions were obtained as well as 3D scan. The height of retinal detachment (HRD), central foveal thickness (CFT), and inner nuclear layer (INL) thickness 500 μm from the fovea were manually measured on both the horizontal and vertical scan lines using Adobe Photoshop CS6 software (Adobe Systems, Inc., San Jose, CA). Figure 1 indicates the measurement of the parameters on OCT. The statuses of the external limiting membrane (ELM) and ellipsoid zone (EZ) within a 3 mm area centered at the presumed fovea were evaluated in both the horizontal and vertical scans. Disruption was defined as the loss or irregularity of each hyperreflective line in at least one scan. All the OCT measurements and judgments were carried out by two investigators (G. L. and L. W.) who were blinded to the clinical data.

Xu S., Wang L., Kong K., Li G, & Ni Y. (2021). Metamorphopsia and Morphological Changes in the Macula after Scleral Buckling Surgery for Macula-Off Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment. Journal of Ophthalmology, 2021, 5525049.

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Macular Choroidal Thickness and Ocular Biometry

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Baseline demographic data such as age, sex, and axial length was collected from the medical charts. The spherical equivalence was calculated by adding half of the cylindrical power to the principal spherical power. Axial length was measured using the IOL Master ver. 5.02 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, CA, USA). Horizontal line scan images of macula were obtained with a spectral-domain OCT (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Dossenheim, Germany), and subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured manually using a built-in caliper. Choroidal thickness was measured as the perpendicular distance between the choroid-scleral junction and the retinal pigment epithelium–Bruch’s membrane complex. AST was measured using a swept source AS OCT (CASIA 2; TOMEY). AST and Corvis ST measurements were performed within 3 months interval in each eye.

Aoki S., Asaoka R., Azuma K., Kitamoto K., Ueda K., Inoue T, & Obata R. (2024). Biomechanical properties measured with dynamic Scheimpflug analyzer in central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 262(6), 1795-1803.

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Analyzing Clear Corneal Incisions Using AS-OCT

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The non-contact AS-OCT examination (Spectral Domain OCT, Heidelberg Engineering, Germany) was performed by the same examiner in all cases. The anterior segment module was used. The main corneal incisions were analyzed at 2 h, then 1, 7, and 30 days. During the process, the patients were asked to look straight ahead in the opposite direction to the corneal incision, and the optical coherence tomography (OCT) beam was as perpendicular to the incision as possible when the image was taken. Raster radial scans 6 mm in length were obtained.
All the images were exported and analyzed. High definition images were used for the analysis. CCI length and the corneal thickness at the site of the incision were measured with the device software (Fig. 1). During the AS-OCT measurements, the examiners (M.O.C.-K.S.) blinded to the groups, evaluated the healing process of CCI and the evidence of wound gaping (epithelial and endothelial gap), misalignment (misalignment of the roof and floor of the incision on the endothelial side), wound configuration (arcuate incision configuration Fig. 2, linear incision configuration), and DMD.Fig. 1

Clear corneal incision (CCI) length (red line) and the corneal thickness (blue line) measured at the site of the incision.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Arcuate incision configuration (red line).

Fig. 2

Yuksel E., Cubuk M.O, & Ceylanoglu K.S. (2019). Intracameral air injection after completion of phacoemulsification cataract surgery: Evaluation of corneal incisions with optical coherence tomography. Journal of Current Ophthalmology, 31(2), 142-149.

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