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9 protocols using glyceryl tributyrate

1

Glyceryl Tributyrate Dietary Modulation

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Glyceryl Tributyrate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Pair-fed control diet and modified Lieber-DeCarli high-fat diet were purchased from Dyets, Inc. (product number 710260; Bethlehem, PA). All primers for quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, IA). Primary antibodies were purchased from the following companies: Occludin (Hycult Biotech, Plymouth Meeting, PA); GPR109A (Bioss, Woburn, MA); tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN); Zonula Occluden-1 (ZO-1) and SLC5A8 (Abcam, Cambridge, MA).
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2

Standardized Almond Roasting and Lipid Analysis

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Natural raw and roasted almonds (Amygdalus communis L.; variety Nonpareil) were produced by Hughson Nut and supplied by the Almond Board of California. The roasted almonds were produced by using a standardised method of hot air (dry) roasting (150 °C for 15 min). Powdered beta-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) was donated by Davisco Foods International (JE 002-8-415, Le Sueur, USA). Almond oil, glyceryl tributyrate (99%), glyceryl trioleate (65%), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (99%), disodium hydrogen phosphate (99%), trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (CDTA, 98.5%), sodium metabisulphite (⩾99%), sodium chloride (99.5%), calcium chloride (93%), sodium glycodeoxycholate (NaGDC, ⩾97% TLC) and pancreatin from porcine pancreas (L3126, activity 100–400 units/mg protein, where 1 unit corresponds to 1 micro-equivalent of fatty acid released from olive oil in 1 h at pH 7.7, 37 °C) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Chemical Co. (Poole, UK). The oil of roasted almond was obtained from Huilerie Croix Verte (Neuillé, France) and sodium taurocholate hydrate (NaTC, ⩾97% TLC) was obtained from Alpha Aesar (Ward Hill, USA). Internal standards for gas chromatography analysis, C15:0 (pentadecanoic acid, monopentadecanoin, 1,3-dipentadecanoin, tripentadecanoin), were purchased from Nu-Chek-Prep, Inc (Elysian, USA).
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3

Lipase-Catalyzed Ester Synthesis Protocol

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Solid CrL preparation (Lipase AY “Amano” 30SD, ≥30,000 U/g, Amano LMAP method at pH 7.0) was sourced from Amano Enzyme Inc. (Japan) and used without further purification. This preparation contained 18.4 ± 0.4 mg protein/g (Lowry assay, Section 2.4). Novozym® 435 (11 100 Propyl Laurate Units/g) was purchased from Novozymes® (Denmark). This preparation contained 81.8 ± 3.1 mg bound protein/g dry support (elemental analysis, Section 2.5). The support resins Lifetech™ ECR8806 M (octadecyl methacrylate, C18 M) and Lifetech™ ECR1090 M (macroporous styrene) were purchased from Purolite® Life Sciences (Purolite Corporation, UK). Tributyrin (glyceryl tributyrate, ≥99 %) and triolein (glyceryl trioleate, ∼65 %) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich® (USA). All chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade or higher.
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4

Fenretinide-based Formulation Development

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Fenretinide (N-4-hydroxyphenyl-retinamide, 4-HPR) was purchased from Olon Spa (Milan Italy), Lenalidomide from AstaTech Inc (PA, USA) Soy L-α-phosphatidylcholine, glyceryl tributyrate, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (Mw 1460) and KOH from Sigma-Aldrich. Ethanol absolute anhydrous was purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents.
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5

Formulation and Characterization of Fenretinide

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N-4-hydroxyphenyl-retinamide (fenretinide, 4-HPR) was purchased from Olon Spa (Milan Italy); lenalidomide from AstaTech Inc (PA, USA); soy L-α-phosphatidylcholine, glyceryl tributyrate, 2-hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (Mw 1460) and KOH from Sigma-Aldrich; ethanol absolute anhydrous from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan Italy).
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6

Lipolytic Activity Detection Protocol

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For the detection of lipolytic activity, a medium containing 0.5% BactoTM peptone (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), 0.3% BactoTM yeast extract (BD Biosciences, USA), 1% arabic gum (Acros Organics, Somerville, NJ, USA), 1% (v/v) glyceryl tributyrate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and 1.3% BactoTM agar (BD Biosciences, USA) was used [56 (link),57 (link),58 (link),59 (link)], supplemented with 0.02% arabinose and 12.5 µg/mL chloramphenicol. After addition of glyceryl tributyrate an emulsion was obtained by using a blender for 5 min.
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7

Fenretinide Lipid Formulation Optimization

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N-4-hydroxyphenyl-retinamide (fenretinide, 4-HPR) was purchased from Olon Spa (Milan, Italy); spermidine, soy L-α-phosphatidylcholine, glyceryl tributyrate, 2-hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (Mw 1460), and KOH from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy); ethanol absolute anhydrous from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy). DMEM medium, dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCHFDA), Hoechst 33342, glutamine, trypsine/EDTA solutions, and Human Serum were from Sigma-Aldrich.
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8

Kinetic Study of Ester Hydrolysis Enzymes

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p-nitrophenol (p-NP) acetate (C2), butyrate (C4), caproate (C6), cefotaxime acid, tert-butyl acetate, 7-ACA, glyceryl tributyrate, cephalothin sodium, glyceryl trioleate, cefuroxime acid, and terpinyl and linalyl acetates were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck, Germany) or TCI (Tokyo, Japan). Qiagen (Hilden, Germany) provided Ni–NTA agarose. The K-ACET kit was obtained from Megazyme (Dublin, Ireland). The Fast Mutagenesis System, pACYCDuet-1 plasmid, and One-Step Cloning Kit were obtained from TransGen Biotech (Beijing, China), Miaoling Bioscience and Technology (Wuhan, China), and Vazyme Biotech (Nanjing, China), respectively. Synthesis of primers and estSJ gene was conducted by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China).
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9

Naxitamab and Fenretinide Formulation

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N-4-hydroxyphenyl-retinamide (fenretinide, 4-HPR) was purchased from Olon Spa (Milan, Italy); spermidine, soy L-α-phosphatidylcholine, glyceryl tributyrate, 2-hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (Mw 1460) and KOH were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy), naxitamab was a kind gift from Y-mAbs Therapeutics (Horsholm, Denmark), and ethanol absolute anhydrous was purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy). DMEM High Glucose medium, RPMI 1640 medium, dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCHFDA), Hoechst 33342, glutamine, trypsine/EDTA solutions, and Human Serum (HS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Italia (Merk Life Science S.r.l. Milan, Italy).
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