Flumethrin

Organophosphate acaricides (ethion, Coumaphos, chlorpyrifos and diazinon), pyrethroids (cypermethrin and flumethrin), an avermectin (ivermectin), and a formamidine compound (amitraz) were evaluated for their interaction with the GSTs of H. longicornis. Ethion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, cypermethrin and amitraz were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Coumaphos, ivermectin and flumethrin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

The acaricides coumaphos, amitraz, flumethrin and tau-fluvalinate and the internal standards (arachidic acid methyl and tridecane) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA; and HPLC-grade solvents from Machery-Nagel, Bethlehem, PA, USA or LiChrosolv were used. Concentrations were chosen based on previous data reporting the presence of these pesticides in pollen and honey. Tau-fluvalinate was detected at a concentration of 750 ppb in honey [27 (link)] and of 487.2 ppb in pollen [28 (link)]: the selected dose was approximately the average between those values (666 ppb). In the case of coumaphos, 2020 ppb were found in honey [29 (link)] and 5800 ppb in pollen [30 (link)], so the selected dose was approximately the average (3333 ppb). The maximum detection in honey for amitraz was 555 ppb and for flumethrin was 1 ppb [31 (link)].