Agno3

Melamine and tert-Butanol (TBA) were purchased from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and AgNO₃ were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Methyl orange (MO), methanol (MeOH), sodium persulfate (PDS), and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) were purchased from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). The above reagents were analytically pure.

In this study, a <100>-oriented Cz-grown 8-inch single-side polished B-doped wafer with a starting thickness of 725 μm (Kunshan Xiaofei Photovoltaic Technology Co., Kunshan, China) was used as the substrate. The chemical reagents used in this study were potassium hydroxide (KOH, Aladdin, Shanghai, China, 99.9%), hydrofluoric acid (HF, Aladdin, Shanghai, China, 49%), silver nitrate (AgNO₃, Macklin, Shanghai, China, 99%), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, Macklin, Shanghai, China, 30%), nitric acid (HNO₃, CrystalClear, Suzhou, China, 69%), propidium iodide (PI, Absin, Shanghai, China, 50 μg/mL), and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Biogo, Shanghai, China, 10 μg/mL). None of the above reagents required further purification. Deionized water (DIW resistivity of ~18 MΩ·cm) and phosphate-buffered solution were used throughout the whole experimental process.

All chemicals were used directly without further purification. Anatase TiO₂ (TiO₂-A) and rutile TiO₂(TiO₂-R) were purchased from Aladdin. TiO₂(P25) (TiO₂-P), which contained 25% rutile and 75% anatase, was purchased from Degussa. H₂PtCl₆·6H₂O, HAuCl₄·4H₂O, PdCl₂, RhCl₃·3H₂O, AgNO₃, and Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O were purchased from Macklin.