Glutaraldehyde ga

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Glutaraldehyde (GA) is a chemical compound commonly used as a fixative and cross-linking agent in various laboratory applications. It serves as a versatile tool for preserving and maintaining the structural integrity of biological samples during sample preparation and analysis.

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9 protocols using glutaraldehyde ga

Demineralized Dentin Surface Biomodification

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Biomodification of the demineralized dentin surface was carried out for 10 min with the priming solutions containing: 6.5% oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs, MegaNatural^™ Gold Grape Seed Extract, California, USA); 5.75% 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, Thermo Scientific Pierce, RockFord, IL, USA), 1.4% N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, Thermo Scientific Pierce) and 5% Glutaraldehyde (GA, Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). The priming solutions were diluted in distilled water and had the pH adjusted to 7.2 (Bedran-Russo et al., 2008 ). Distilled water was used as a control group.

Leme A.A., Vidal C.M., Hassan L.S, & Bedran-Russo A.K. (2015). Potential role of surface wettability on the long-term stability of dentin bonds after surface biomodification. Journal of biomechanics, 48(10), 2067-2071.

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Biomodification of Demineralized Dentin

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Mid-coronal dentin specimens of 1.5 × 7 × 0.5 mm (width × length × thickness) were prepared from extracted human sound molars (IRB no. 2018–0346) and demineralized in 10% phosphoric acid (Ricca Chemical Company, Arlington, TX, USA) for 5 h. A dimple created with a diamond bur (835.31.014 F G, Brasseler USA Dental, Savannah, GA, USA) in one edge of the specimen allowed constant specimen positioning throughout the entire experiment.
Demineralized specimens were assigned into groups of synthetic and natural dentin biomodification agents (n = 5). Biomodification strategies included 0.65% w/v of enriched extract from Vitis vinifera (VVe) [7 (link),14 (link)] or Pinus massoniana (PMe) [15 (link)–17 (link)], in 20 mM HEPES; and 5% v/v glutaraldehyde – GA (Lot 894368, Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA) in distilled water (DW) [18 (link)]. A control group was exposed to HEPES buffer only. Specimens were immersed in 100 μL of solution (pH 7) for 1 h at room temperature and rinsed with DW. To leach any loosely bound biomodification agent, specimens were kept for 24 h in DW prior to testing.

Alania Y., Cavalcante dos Reis M., Nam J.W., Phansalkar R.S., McAlpine J., Chen S.N., Pauli G.F, & Bedran-Russo A.K. (2020). A dynamic mechanical method to assess bulk viscoelastic behavior of the dentin extracellular matrix. Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials, 36(12), 1536-1543.

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Recycling Plastic Bottles into Versatile GO

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Plastic bottle wastes were taken as sources of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and used to prepare GO. Aniline monomer, ammonium persulfate (APS), hydrochloric acid (HCl), acetone, benzimidazole 98%, PVA (MW 1,300,000), and IC were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Glutaraldehyde (GA) (Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA, 50 wt.% in H₂O) and 4-sulfophthalic acid (SPA) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, 99.9 wt.% in H₂O) were used as covalent and ionic cross-linkers, respectively, and nonwoven polyester fabric was purchased from R.P. Industries, Gujarat, India.

Elessawy N.A., Gouda M.H., Elnouby M., Ali S.M., Salerno M, & Youssef M.E. (2022). Sustainable Microbial and Heavy Metal Reduction in Water Purification Systems Based on PVA/IC Nanofiber Membrane Doped with PANI/GO. Polymers, 14(8), 1558.

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Biopolymer-based Antimicrobial Hydrogel

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Iota carrageenan (type V), PVA (99% hydrolysis and medium MW), Cefotaxime sodium salt and 4-sulphophthalic acid (SPA) (99.9 wt.% in H₂O) were purchased from (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and Glutaraldehyde (GA) (50 wt.% in H₂O) was purchased from Alfa Aesar.

Gouda M.H., Elessawy N.A, & Toghan A. (2022). Development of hybrid green nanocomposite polymeric beads doped with nano sulfated zirconia for effective removal of Cefotaxime antibiotic from aqueous solution. Scientific Reports, 12, 12701.

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Polymer Composite Cross-linking and Characterization

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PEO (MW: 900,000 g mol-1, Acros Organics, (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA)) and PVA (99% hydrolysis and medium MW, USA). Glutaraldehyde (GA) (Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA), 25 wt% in H₂O) and 4-sulfophthalic acid (SPA) (Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), 99.9 wt% in H₂O) were used as covalent and ionic cross-linkers respectively. Titanium (IV) oxide rutile (TiO2, <5 µm, ≥99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich) and H₃PO₄ (Fisher Chemical (Pittsburgh, PA, USA), 85 wt%).

Gouda M.H., Elessawy N.A, & Toghan A. (2021). Novel Crosslinked Sulfonated PVA/PEO Doped with Phosphated Titanium Oxide Nanotubes as Effective Green Cation Exchange Membrane for Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells. Polymers, 13(13), 2050.

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Sulfonated PVA/Ionomeric Composite Membranes

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Ten grams of PVA (99% hydrolysis and medium mW, USA) was dissolved in 100 mL of deionized H₂O at 90 °C for 2 h. Two grams of IC (type V) was dissolved in 100 mL of deionized H₂O at 80 °C for 1 h. PVA: IC (95:5) wt.% was blended. Then, the polymer blend was crosslinked, using 5 g of glutaraldehyde (GA) (Alfa Aesar; 50 wt.% in H₂O) as a covalent crosslinker, and 5 g of 4-sulfophthalic acid (SPA) (Sigma-Aldrich; 99.9 wt.% in H₂O) as an ionic crosslinker and sulfonating agent for PVA [24 ,26 (link)]. Then, the inorganic–organic nanocomposite was prepared by incorporating 1, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt.% of SO₄ZrO₂ into the polymeric matrix. Figure S1, in Supplementary Materials, explains the S-PVA/IC/SO₄ZrO₂ membrane structure, within which PVA and IC are ionically crosslinked through the esterification reaction between the carboxylic groups of the sulfophthalic acid and the hydroxyl groups of the polymers. In addition, the acetal reactions between the hydroxyl groups of the polymers and the aldehyde groups of the glutaraldehyde led to the covalent crosslinking of the two polymers. Furthermore, there was the formation of hydrogen bonds between the oxygen-containing SO₄ZrO₂ groups and the –OH groups of the PVA and IC [33 (link)], respectively.

Gouda M.H., Elessawy N.A., Al-Hussain S.A, & Toghan A. (2021). Design of Promising Green Cation-Exchange-Membranes-Based Sulfonated PVA and Doped with Nano Sulfated Zirconia for Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells. Polymers, 13(23), 4205.

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Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles for Biosensing

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Polyethyleneimine (PEI), MW 15 000, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Rose bengal (RB) was purchased from Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. Silver nitrate (AgNO₃) and glutaraldehyde (GA) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Trisodium citrate (Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Human immunoglobulin G (HIgG) and goat anti-human immunoglobulin (GaH-IgG) were purchased from Beijing Bioss Biotech Co., Ltd. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased from Nanjing KeyGEN Biotech. Co., Ltd. Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween-20) and Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (TRIS) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. The TBS buffer solution was prepared by dissolving NaCl (8.76 g) and TRIS (1.21 g) in water (500 mL). The TBS-T buffer solution was prepared by mixing Tween-20 (0.25 g) with TBS (500 mL). The BBS solution was prepared by dissolving sodium tetraborate in water to a concentration of 2 mM, reaching a pH of 9.0. P-doped, (100) oriented silicon wafers with a resistivity of 1–10 Ω cm were purchased from Suzhou Ruicai Semi-Conductor Co., Ltd. The water used in the experiments was ultrapure deionized water. All chemical reagents were used as received without further purification.

Zhang R., Jin Z., Tian Z., Liu Y., Lu Z, & Cui Y. (2021). A straightforward and sensitive “ON–OFF” fluorescence immunoassay based on silicon-assisted surface enhanced fluorescence. RSC Advances, 11(13), 7723-7731.

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Immobilized Enzymes for Bioprocessing

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Pectinase from Aspergillus niger >1 U/mg solid (one unit (U) corresponds to the amount of enzyme which liberates 1 µmol galacturonic acid from polygalacturonic acid per minute at pH 4.0 and 50 °C), subtilisin from Bacillus licheniformis (subtilisin A) 8.6 U/mg solid (one U will hydrolyze casein to produce color equivalent to 1.0 µmole (181 µg) of tyrosine per min at pH 7.5 at 37 °C (color by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent) and methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (5 kDa) (PEG) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Italy). Fifty % glutaraldehyde (GA) was obtained from Alfa-Aesar.
Nitrocellulose membranes (0.45 µm) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (N9763-5EA, Italy).

Villa F., Secundo F., Polo A, & Cappitelli F. (2015). Immobilized Hydrolytic Enzymes Exhibit Antibiofilm Activity Against Escherichia coli at Sub-Lethal Concentrations. Current microbiology, 71(1).

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Fabrication of PVP-based Biomaterials

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PVP (M w =360,000 and 1,300,000) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, UK. Sebacic acid (≥98%, M w = 202.20) and glycerol (≥99.5%, M w M w = = 92.09) were purchased from Alfa-Aesar, UK. Other chemicals and solvents such as absolute ethanol (99.8%) Acros Organics, dimethylformamide (DMF) (99%) Alfa Aesar and 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) (99%) Fluorochem were utilized without further processing.
Immortalized human skin fibroblast cells (HDF-hTERT) were donated from the MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Edinburgh, UK. High glucose, pyruvate, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum albumin (FBS), non-essential amino acids (NEAA), penicillin-streptomycin and Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) were purchased from Thermo-Fisher Scientific, UK. Glutaraldehyde (GA), hexamethyldisilazane (HDMS), and sucrose were purchased from Alfa-Aesar, UK.

Keirouz A., Fortunato G., Zhang M., Callanan A, & Radacsi N. (2019). Nozzle-free electrospinning of Polyvinylpyrrolidone/Poly(glycerol sebacate) fibrous scaffolds for skin tissue engineering applications. Medical engineering & physics, 71.

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