The cure characteristics of the compound were investigated, according to ISO 6502 at 170 °C for 6 min, using with a Moving Die Rheometer (MDR2000, Alpha Technologies). The mechanical properties, such as hardness, tensile strength, 100% and 300% modulus, elongation at break and specific gravity were also investigated. A tensile testing machine (AG-IS, Shimadzu) was used for determining tensile strength, 100% and 300% modulus and elongation at break of the samples at 23 ± 2 °C, with an extension speed of 500 mm/min, according to ASTM D412. The specific gravity was investigated from the ratio of the density of EPDM foam to the density of water, according to ASTM D297. The hardness test was performed using a hardness tester (Teclock), according to ASTM D2240 with a Shore OO durometer.
Ag is
Manufactured by Shimadzu
Sourced in Japan
The AG-IS is a high-performance analytical balance from Shimadzu. It is designed for precise and accurate weighing of samples in laboratory environments. The AG-IS provides reliable and stable measurements, ensuring consistent results for a wide range of applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Jsm 6060, by JEOL (2 mentions)
Fesem, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Triboindenter, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Trapezium x, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Filtek z350 xt, by 3M (1 mentions)
Bluephase c8, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Pw 3040 00xpert mpd system, by Philips (1 mentions)
Trapezium lite x, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Sc502, by Quorum Technologies (1 mentions)
Nanosem fei nova 200, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
S 3400nx, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
35 protocols using ag is
1
EPDM Foam Characterization Protocol
2
Biomechanical Evaluation of Tibial Bone Strength
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Bone biomechanical examination was carried out with an AG-IS electronic universal testing machine (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). After thawing, the 10 left tibia of each group (n = 10) was used as the test sample, and the bone biomechanical indexes such as elastic modulus, yield strength, maximum stress, and fracture stress (N/mm2) were detected by 3-point bending test (Harash et al., 2020 ). The sample was placed on the 2 support points of the electronic universal testing machine, and a downward load was applied to the specimen at the midpoint of the 2 support points. Three-point bending occurred when the 3 contact points of the sample formed 2 equal moments. The loading rate was 2 mm/min and the loading was uniform until the sample was destroyed. The formula for calculating the distance of the supporting rail is: L = (a + 3b) ± 0.5b, where a (mm) is the diameter of the supporting rail and b (mm) is the diameter of the tibia.
3
Structural and Mechanical Analysis of Sintered Scaffolds
4
Tensile Behavior and Fracture Analysis
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Tensile testing of each specimen was performed at room temperature at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min on a universal testing machine (AG-IS, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) (n = 6). The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength at 0.2% nonproportional extension, and elongation after fracture were determined. The fractured surfaces of the tensile specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM; JSM-6060, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) after testing.
5
Biomechanical Properties of Meniscus Implants
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The implants at 12 and 24 weeks, and the native meniscus were analyzed for biomechanical properties. The compression modulus of the implants was measured using nanoindentation as described previously 23 . Samples were assayed using the Tri-boIndenter (Hysitron Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) with a 20 μm 90° conical probe tip. For each measurement, 500 nm was defined as the maximum indentation depth, and a trapezoidal load was applied to each indentation site with loading (10 s), hold (2 s), and unloading (10 s). The microscopic geomorphology of the indentation zones was captured using a microscanning apparatus. The tensile test was performed by a material testing machine (AG-IS; Shimadzu) as previously described 28 . The samples were cut into rectangular shapes from the peripheral edge of each meniscus.
6
Hydrogel Mechanical Properties
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We prepared a cylindrical hydrogel sample with a diameter of 4.3 cm and height of 2 cm and used a microload universal testing machine (Shimadzu, AG-IS, Kyoto, Japan) to perform two types of parameter tests: using compression of 80% to test the stress that can be withstood by the three types of hydrogels: without C18 hydrophobic section, with C18 added, and with C18 and DAA added; and using a compression of 100% to test the energy that is absorbed by three types of hydrogels: without C18 hydrophobic section, with C18 added, and with C18 and DAA added. Both stress and strain were recorded.
7
3D Printed TCP Scaffold Characterization
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Images for pore size measurement and surface morphologies
of PCL-coated 3D printed TCP scaffolds were taken using a field-emission
scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (FEI Inc., Hillsboro, OR, USA)
followed by gold sputter-coating (Technics Hummer V, CA, USA). Pore
size of the sintered scaffolds were calculated by averaging nine measurements
for each pore size from three scaffolds (three different pores were
selected from each scaffold for this measurement). Compressive strength
and toughness analysis were performed to compare the mechanical properties
between PCL-coated and without PCL-coated scaffolds. Compressive strength
analysis was performed on the 3DP TCP scaffolds fabricated for in vivo implantation. A similar PCL coating procedure as
described above for in vivo scaffolds was followed.
Compressive strength of these 3DP TCP scaffolds with and without PCL
coating was measured using a screw-driven universal testing machine
(AG-IS, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) with a constant crosshead speed of
0.33 mm/min, and the calculation was performed based on the maximum
load at failure and initial scaffold dimension. Ten samples (n = 10) were used from each composition for compressive
strength analysis. Toughness was calculated from the area under the
stress vs strain plot.
of PCL-coated 3D printed TCP scaffolds were taken using a field-emission
scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (FEI Inc., Hillsboro, OR, USA)
followed by gold sputter-coating (Technics Hummer V, CA, USA). Pore
size of the sintered scaffolds were calculated by averaging nine measurements
for each pore size from three scaffolds (three different pores were
selected from each scaffold for this measurement). Compressive strength
and toughness analysis were performed to compare the mechanical properties
between PCL-coated and without PCL-coated scaffolds. Compressive strength
analysis was performed on the 3DP TCP scaffolds fabricated for in vivo implantation. A similar PCL coating procedure as
described above for in vivo scaffolds was followed.
Compressive strength of these 3DP TCP scaffolds with and without PCL
coating was measured using a screw-driven universal testing machine
(AG-IS, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) with a constant crosshead speed of
0.33 mm/min, and the calculation was performed based on the maximum
load at failure and initial scaffold dimension. Ten samples (n = 10) were used from each composition for compressive
strength analysis. Toughness was calculated from the area under the
stress vs strain plot.
8
Mechanical Characterization of Rat Tibia
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Three-point bending assays were conducted to examine the mechanical properties of rat tibias using a strength testing device (AG-IS, Shimadzu, Japan). The fresh tibias were wrapped in normal saline-soaked gauze and then centered longitudinally with the anterior surface on the two lower support points (20 mm distance). A third rounded bar was placed at the medial surface of the diaphysis with a 10 N preload strength. Then, a constant displacement rate of 2 mm·min−1 was applied until fracture occurred during three-point bending (Trapezium X, Shimadzu, Japan). The mechanical data were generated and analyzed to determine the maximum load, stiffness, and maximum strength60 (link).
9
Micro-Shear Bond Strength of Dental Resins
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The adhesive area was limited using a double-sided tape (Scotch®-3M) and was previously drilled (diameter, 0.56 mm) using a rubber cloth perforator (Premium). Then, silane and/or adhesive was applied based on each group. Tygon tubes with 0.76 mm internal diameter and 2 mm height were installed on the exposed ceramic area, filled with resin (Filtek Z350 xt, 3 M ESPE, Saint Paul, MN, USA), and light cured using LED lamp (Bluephase C8, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) in the soft program for 20 s for each 1-mm layer. All samples were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h (HYGROBATH) before performing micro-shear bond strength test (ISO/TS 11405:2015 ). Tygon tubes were then carefully removed using scalpel blades #12 and #15. The micro-shear bond strength test (µSBS) was executed using a universal mechanical testing machine (Shimadzu® AG-IS) a steel wire handle (0.22 mm) to pull the resin tubes, with a 50 N load cell and a 1 mm/min crosshead speed. All tests were performed by the same experienced operator, along with a prior standardization of the test design. The bond strength (MPa) was calculated using the equation MPa = N/mm2, where N corresponded to the fracture force and mm2 corresponded to the adhesive area determined by the equation π.r2. The adhesive area in the present study was 0.246 mm2.
10
Characterization of Sintered β-TCP Scaffolds
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