U probe

Manufactured by Plexon

Sourced in United States

The U-Probe is a versatile lab equipment designed for electrophysiology research. It provides a stable platform for recording neural signals from behaving animals. The device features a single-shank, high-density electrode array that can be used to capture extracellular neural activity.

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Lab products found in correlation

Offline sorter, by Plexon (3 mentions) Hydraulic microdrive, by Narishige (2 mentions) Omniplex system, by Plexon (2 mentions) Eyelink 2, by SR Research (2 mentions) Omniplex, by Plexon (2 mentions) Teflon coated stainless steel wire, by A-M Systems (1 mentions) Multichannel acquisition processor system, by Plexon (1 mentions) Omniplex neural data acquisition system, by Plexon (1 mentions) Cerebus system, by Blackrock Microsystems (1 mentions) Model 650, by Kopf Instruments (1 mentions) Spike2, by Cambridge Electronic Design (1 mentions) Power 1401, by Cambridge Electronic Design (1 mentions) Mo 81, by Narishige (1 mentions) Multi channel recording system, by Blackrock Microsystems (1 mentions) 128 channel system, by Blackrock Microsystems (1 mentions)

25 protocols using u probe

Spatiotemporal Hippocampal Field Potential Recording

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Bipolar recording electrodes with tip length separation between 0.5 and 1.3 mm were constructed using Teflon-coated stainless steel wire (bare diameter, 125 μm; A-M Systems). Electrodes were implanted using predetermined coordinates from a stereotaxic atlas, using bregma as a landmark (Paxinos and Watson, 1998 ). Electrodes were cemented in place using dental acrylic and jeweller’s screws fastened into the skull.
For spatial profile field potential recordings in the HPC, we used a linear 16-contact (100 μm separation) microprobe arranged in a vertical linear array (U-probe, Plexon). The final depth of the probe was determined using the well established electrophysiological profile of theta field activity (Bland and Bland, 1986 (link); Buzsáki, 2002 (link)). The position of the multiprobe was histologically confirmed in every experiment by analyzing its track in relation to recorded field activity.

Hauer B.E., Pagliardini S, & Dickson C.T. (2019). The Reuniens Nucleus of the Thalamus Has an Essential Role in Coordinating Slow-Wave Activity between Neocortex and Hippocampus. eNeuro, 6(5), ENEURO.0365-19.2019.

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Extracellular Recordings in Monkey Frontal Eye Field

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We used two male adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta, 8 and 12 kg), Monkey N and Monkey B, in the experiments. All experimental procedures were in compliance with the US Public Health Service policy on the humane care and use of laboratory animals, the Society for Neuroscience Guidelines and Policies, and Stanford University Animal Care and Use Committee. Each animal was surgically implanted with a titanium head post, a scleral search coil, and a cylindrical titanium recording chamber (20 mm diameter) overlaying the arcuate sulcus. A craniotomy was performed on each animal, allowing access to the FEF. All surgeries were conducted using aseptic techniques under general anesthesia (isoflurane), and analgesics were provided during postsurgical recovery.
Electrodes were lowered into the cortex using a hydraulic microdrive (Narishige International). Activity was recorded extracellularly using linear array electrodes (U-Probe, Plexon) with 16 contacts spaced 150 μm apart. Neural activity was sampled at 40 kHz. Waveforms were sorted using offline techniques. The FEF was confirmed by the ability to evoke fixed-vector, short latency saccadic eye movements with stimulation at low currents^{31 (link),32 (link)}. U-Probes were then lowered for simultaneous recordings of visual RFs at the same coordinates.

Zirnsak M., Steinmetz N.A., Noudoost E., Xu K.Z, & Moore T. (2014). Visual Space is Compressed in Prefrontal Cortex Before Eye Movements. Nature, 507(7493), 504-507.

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Extracellular Recordings in Monkey Frontal Eye Field

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Zirnsak M., Steinmetz N.A., Noudoost E., Xu K.Z, & Moore T. (2014). Visual Space is Compressed in Prefrontal Cortex Before Eye Movements. Nature, 507(7493), 504-507.

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Cortical Visual Evoked Responses

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Experiments were conducted in an electrically shielded, sound-attenuated chamber. Recording electrodes had 23 contacts that were spaced either 100 or 200 μm apart (Plexon U-probe). Impedances ranged between 0.3–0.5 MΩ.
At the start of each experiment, flashes of diffuse light were used to elicit a visual evoked response profile in the cortex while the monkey sat in an otherwise completely dark recording chamber. These profiles were used to position the electrode to bracket the layers of V1 (Schroeder et al., 1998 (link)). The light flashes were generated by a Grass PS33 Plus Photic Stimulator (Grass-Telefactor Inc., West Warwick, RI) and projected onto a diffuser in front of the monkey at a viewing distance of 34 inches. Flashes occurred at 2 Hz and were each 10 ms in duration.

Barczak A., Haegens S., Ross D.A., McGinnis T., Lakatos P, & Schroeder C.E. (2019). Dynamic Modulation of Cortical Excitability during Visual Active Sensing. Cell reports, 27(12), 3447-3459.e3.

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Laminar Neural Activity Recording

Cited 2 times

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Neuronal activity was recorded using laminar probes with 16 to 24 equally spaced contacts at 100 μm (U-Probe, Plexon) advanced into the brain using a NAN drive system (Plexon) attached to the recording chamber. All penetrations were perpendicular to the cortical surface and initiated at the same depth relative to surface. We recorded spiking and LFP signals using a Multichannel Acquisition Processor System (Plexon). LFP power ratio (PR) was computed from the LFP power in the low- (0.5- to 10-Hz) and high- (30- to 80-Hz) frequency bands, PR = (P10 − P80)/P10, where P10 is the spectral power in the 0.5- to 10-Hz range, and P80 is the spectral power in the 30- to 80-Hz range. LFP analysis confirmed the behavioral state of the animal in each session (12 (link)). Cortical layers were identified using the current source density (CSD) analysis (25 (link)). We computed the CSD by using the second spatial derivative of LFP time series across equally spaced laminar contacts using the inverse current source density (iCSD) toolbox for MATLAB. The granular layer was identified by finding the earliest current sink, measured by nanoampere per cubic millimeter. Channels located in the primary sink were assigned to the granular layer, those above the sink were assigned to the supragranular layer, and channels below the sink were assigned to the infragranular layer (25 (link)).

Kharas N., Andrei A., Debes S.R, & Dragoi V. (2022). Brain state limits propagation of neural signals in laminar cortical circuits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(30), e2104192119.

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Simultaneous LFP Recordings in LPFC and CdN

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Extracellular recordings of the local field potentials (LFPs) were conducted by linear-array multi-contact electrodes (U-probe, Plexon, TX, USA). Each electrode had 16 contacts (channels) with an inter-contact spacing of 100 or 150 µm. In each recording session, two U-probe electrodes were simultaneously inserted into the LPFC and the ipsilateral CdN. The dura matter was penetrated using stainless guide tubes, and U-probe electrodes were then advanced into the cortex through the guide tubes using the NAN microdrive system. A local reference was taken from the guide tubes close to the electrode contacts. The analog signals from each contact were split to extract spike and LFPs using Plexon MAP or OmniPlex systems. LFP signals were amplified (gain: 1000×), filtered using a passband of 0.1–200 Hz, and digitized at a sampling rate of 1 kHz. Eye movement was monitored by an infrared camera system at a sampling rate of 500 Hz (Monkey W: EyeLink2, SR research, Ontario, Canada; Monkey S: iView X Hi-Speed Primate, SMI, Teltow, Germany).

Oguchi M., Tanaka S., Pan X., Kikusui T., Moriya-Ito K., Kato S., Kobayashi K, & Sakagami M. (2021). Chemogenetic inactivation reveals the inhibitory control function of the prefronto-striatal pathway in the macaque brain. Communications Biology, 4, 1088.

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Multimodal Neurophysiological Recording Protocol

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All neural signals were recorded with a 16-channel Omniplex Neural Data Acquisition System (Plexon inc, TX, USA) with a sampling frequency of 40 KHz. Eight channels were dedicated to MUA and LFP recordings using a linear multielectrode array (LMA; U-probe, Plexon inc., TX, USA) with eight microelectrodes (15μm diameter and 250μm spacing) embedded in a stainless needle. Each electrode’s impedance ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 MΩ (measured at 1 KHz). The most superficial electrode was maintained at the subdural level during recordings and served as reference electrode, while the remaining seven electrodes were dedicated to multiunit and LFP recordings. Eight additional channels were used for EEG recordings and were connected to an external bioamplifier (James Long Company, NY, USA). The EEG signal was amplified, band-pass filtered from 0.1 to 100 Hz, sampled at 1 KHz, and recorded through the Omniplex recording system. The EEG signal was recorded with a customized lycra cap (Electro-Cap International, OH, USA) designed to fit around the recording chamber for neuronal activity and leave it accessible for MUA and LFP recordings. The EEG cap was fitted with seven tin electrodes, with impedances kept under 20 kΩ and measured at 1 KHz. The electrodes were referenced to an eighth electrode, localized at the vertex, and grounded to the U-probe stainless needle to limit noise and artifacts.

Bimbi M., Festante F., Coudé G., Vanderwert R.E., Fox N.A, & Ferrari P.F. (2018). Simultaneous scalp recorded EEG and local field potentials from monkey ventral premotor cortex during action observation and execution reveals the contribution of mirror and motor neurons to the mu-rhythm. NeuroImage, 175, 22-31.

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Neurophysiological Recording from Macaque IT Cortex

Cited 1 time

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We recorded from the left IT cortex of two macaque monkeys (Macacca radiata; Ka and Sa, age 7 y old) using standard neurophysiological procedures detailed previously (36 (link)). Recording sites were verified using MRI to be in the anterior ventral portion of the IT cortex. Extracellular wideband signals were recorded at 40 KHz using 24-channel laminar electrodes (Uprobe; 100-µm intercontact spacing; Plexon Inc.) linked to a neural data acquisition system (Plexon Inc.). These signals were manually sorted offline into distinct clusters using spike sorting software (OfflineSorter; Plexon Inc.). Only well-isolated visually responsive units were selected for further analyses. The numbers of recorded neurons in each experiment are reported below.

Ratan Murty N.A, & Arun S.P. (2018). Multiplicative mixing of object identity and image attributes in single inferior temporal neurons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(14), E3276-E3285.

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Chronic Neurophysiology in Visual Cortex

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Neurophysiological data was recorded via chronically implanted multi-microelectrode (“Utah”) arrays that were located in area V4 (monkeys B and F) or V1 (monkey K) (see [19 (link)] for details regarding surgery and implantation). Each electrode was spaced 400 μm from its neighboring electrodes, and 1.5 mm (0.6 and 1.5 mm for monkey K) long. Neural data from monkeys B and F was recorded at a sampling rate of 24414.1 Hz using a Tucker Davis Technology system and at 30 kHz for monkeys K and Br on a Blackrock Microsystems Cerebus System. Following 13 sessions in monkey B and 6 sessions in monkey F, permanent focal aspiration lesions of isohemispheric primary visual cortex (V1) were performed (see [23 (link)] for details). After the lesion, post-lesion data were recorded in 15 and 6 sessions for monkey B and monkey F, respectively. To confirm the visual deficit (scotoma) following the V1 lesion, monkeys performed a perimetry task covering the lower right quadrant (see [20 (link)] for details). Data from monkey K was collected in two sessions. Layer-resolved V1 data was recorded from monkey Br using a linear microelectrode array, consisting of 22–24 active microelectrodes, linearly spaced 0.1 mm apart, with impedances ranging 0.2–0.8 MΩ at 1kHz (UProbe, Plexon). Electrical reference for data from the UProbe was the probe shaft.

Kienitz R., Cox M.A., Dougherty K., Saunders R.C., Schmiedt J.T., Leopold D.A., Maier A, & Schmid M.C. (2020). Theta but not gamma oscillations in area V4 depend on input from primary visual cortex. Current biology : CB, 31(3), 635-642.e3.

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Neuronal Activity Recordings in Monkey IT Cortex

Cited 1 time

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We recorded neuronal activity in the left anterior IT cortex of two adult male monkeys
(denoted Ka and Sa) using a 24-channel multicontact electrode (U-Probe, Plexon, Dallas,
TX). For details of recording sites, refer to our previous study (Ratan Murty & Arun, 2017 (link)). Continuous
waveforms were analyzed off-line and sorted into clusters using spike-sorting software
(OfflineSorter, Plexon). This yielded 180 visually responsive neurons that were used for
all subsequent analyses (93 from Ka and 87 from Sa). All the key results described were
qualitatively similar in both monkeys.

Pramod R.T, & Arun S.P. (2017). Symmetric Objects Become Special in Perception Because of Generic Computations in Neurons. Psychological Science, 29(1), 95-109.

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