NaI was ground to make a smaller particle using a planetary ball mill (PM 100 CM, Retsch Co., Haan, Germany), and then the particle was strained into a 100 μm bowl (Figure 5 a). The particle size of the strained NaI and existing iodoform was analyzed by a particle size analyzer (PSA) (Horiba LA-950 V2, Beckman, Urbana, IL, USA). The particle size of the strained NaI was similar to that of iodoform, approximately 90 μm, so the same experimental conditions for both materials were applied (Figure 5 b). Calcium hydroxide (Sigma–Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), silicone oil (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning Co., Midland, MI, USA), and strained NaI (Sigma–Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) were blended, and the resulting materials were denoted D5 (30:30:5), D10 (30:30:10), D20 (30:30:20), and D30 (30:30:30) (ratio = Calcium hydroxide: silicone oil: NaI) (Figure 5 c). iodoform (Alfa Aesar, Heysham, UK) instead of NaI was incorporated at a ratio of 30:30:30, and the resulting materials were denoted I30.
Calcium hydroxide
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Belgium, Indonesia
Calcium hydroxide is a white, crystalline solid compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)₂. It is a common laboratory reagent used to adjust pH levels and as a precipitating agent.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
Chondroitin 6 sulfate, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Phosphoric acid, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Lactic acid, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Calcium nitrate hydrate, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Glycerol, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Potassium hydroxide, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Urea, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Citric acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Chitosan, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ammonium hydroxide, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ammonium acetate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Direct q 3 uv ultrapure water system, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Iodoform, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
D glucose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
63 protocols using calcium hydroxide
1
Sodium Iodide Particle Preparation
2
Fabrication and Characterization of Iodoform-Based Pastes
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For this study, an iodoform (Alfa Aesar, Heysham, UK), calcium hydroxide (Sigma–Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), and silicone oil were mixed on a glass plate with a sterilized spatula at a proportion of 1:1:1, respectively, to fabricate an iodoform-based paste. Sodium iodide-based paste was created by mixing equal proportions of NaI (Sigma–Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), calcium hydroxide, and silicone oil. The iodoform-based paste was denoted as I30; the NaI-based paste was designated as D30 for this study. Groups were divided based on D30 and I30 and subdivided into three groups based on the viscosities of silicone oil as high (H), medium (M), and low (L) to compare six groups: I30H, I30M, I30L, D30H, D30M, and D30L. calcium hydroxide, silicone oil H (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning Co., Midland, MI, USA), silicone oil M (Shin-Etsu Silicone KF-96 1000 cst, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan), and silicone oil L (Shin-Etsu Silicone KF-96 350 cst, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan) were used. All materials were mixed by the same operator, as shown in Figure S1 .
3
Hyaluronic Acid-Gelatin Hydrogel Scaffold
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Materials including hyaluronic acid sodium salt (HA), gelatin type A from porcine skin (Gel), 1,4-butandiol diglycidyl ether (BDDE), and calcium hydroxide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). On the other hand, cbMSC-hTERT cells were acquired from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) was bought from PeproTech (Cranbury, NJ, USA).
4
Stable Isotope Reference Materials Analysis
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Stable isotope-certified reference materials (CRMs) USGS70, USGS71 (icosanoic acid methyl esters), USGS40, USGS41 (l -glutamic acids), were obtained from the United States Geological Survey, Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory. IAEA-CH-3 (cellulose) was obtained from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Terrestrial Environment Laboratory. The δ2H and δ13C values assigned to these CRMs in this study for two-point normalisation to the VSMOW-SLAP and VPDB-LSVEC scale, respectively, were those reported by Schimmelmann et al.34 (link) for USGS70 = −183.9‰VSMOW-SLAP and USGS71 = −4.9‰VSMOW-SLAP, the Reston stable isotope laboratory35 ,36 for USGS40 = −26.39‰VPDB-LSVEC and +37.63‰VPDB-LSVEC and the IAEA Terrestrial Environment Laboratory36 for IAEA-CH-3 = –24.724 ‰VPDB. The reagents calcium hydroxide (96%), pyridine (99.5%), N-methyl-bis(trifluoroacetamide) (MBTFA) (≥97%), n-hexadecane (99.5%), d -(−)-fructose (99.0%), d -( + )-glucose (99.5%) and sucrose (99.5%), were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company (Austria). The n-hexadecane obtained from the Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company was calibrated as a quality-control in-house reference material and had an assigned value of δ2HVSMOW-SLAP of −89.09‰ VSMOW-SLAP.
5
Fabrication of Mineralized Collagen Scaffolds
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Mineralized collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds were fabricated via lyophilization from a mineralized collagen precursor suspension as described before.47,65,66 (link) The precursor suspension was created by homogenizing type I collagen (1.9 weight per volume, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri USA), chondroitin-6-sulfate (0.84 weight per volume, Sigma Aldrich), and calcium salts (calcium hydroxide and calcium nitrate, Sigma Aldrich) in a mineral buffer solution (0.1456 M phosphoric acid/0.037 M calcium hydroxide). The precursor suspension was stored at 4 °C and degassed prior to lyophilization.
Mineralized collagen scaffolds were fabricated via lyophilization using a Genesis freeze-dryer (VirTis, Gardener, New York USA) as described before.66 Briefly, 100 μL of precursor suspension was pipetted into a custom 144-well polysulfone mold (6 mm diameter, 7 mm tall wells). The precursor solution was frozen by cooling from 20 °C to −10 °C at a constant rate of 1 °C per minute followed by a temperature hold at −10 °C for 2 hours. The frozen suspension was then sublimated at 0 °C and 0.2 Torr, resulting in a porous scaffold network.
All scaffolds were hydrated for 2 hours in ethanol, crosslinked for 2 hours in EDC-NHS, and washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 48 hours prior to use in experiments.
Mineralized collagen scaffolds were fabricated via lyophilization using a Genesis freeze-dryer (VirTis, Gardener, New York USA) as described before.66 Briefly, 100 μL of precursor suspension was pipetted into a custom 144-well polysulfone mold (6 mm diameter, 7 mm tall wells). The precursor solution was frozen by cooling from 20 °C to −10 °C at a constant rate of 1 °C per minute followed by a temperature hold at −10 °C for 2 hours. The frozen suspension was then sublimated at 0 °C and 0.2 Torr, resulting in a porous scaffold network.
All scaffolds were hydrated for 2 hours in ethanol, crosslinked for 2 hours in EDC-NHS, and washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 48 hours prior to use in experiments.
6
Extraction of Arabinoxylans from Rye Bran
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Rye bran flour donated from Good Mills Austria GmbH (Schwechat, Austria) was used for AX extraction. Sodium carbonate and calcium hydroxide were bought from Sigma‐Aldrich Co. (Steinheim, Germany). For enzymatic treatment alpha‐amylase (Termamyl 120 L), amyloglucosidase (AMG 300 L), subtilisin (Alcalase 2.4 L), bacillolysin (Neutrase 0.8 L), endo‐1,4‐β‐xylanase (Pentopan mono BG) and endo‐1,3‐β‐glucanase (Viscoflow MG, a mixture of beta‐glucanases, xylanases, cellulases and alpha‐amylase) were purchased from Novozymes Ltd. (Bagsvaerd, Denmark). Xylanase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (Deltazym VR‐XL) was donated from WeissBioTech GmbH (Ascheberg, Germany) and Aspergillus niger propyl‐endoprotease (AN‐PEP) was donated from DSM Food Specialties B.V. (Delft, The Netherlands). All used reagents were of analytical grade and purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich Co. (Steinheim, Germany).
7
Lipid-Based Pharmaceutical Formulations
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E80 egg phospholipids (80% phosphatidylcholine) and S100 soybean lecithin lipids (>94% phosphatidylcholine) were obtained from Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Acetic acid, bovine serum albumin, calcium hydroxide, chitosan (low molecular weight, 75–85% deacetylated), chloroform, D(+)-glucose, glycerol solution, ibuprofen, lactic acid, mucin from porcine stomach type III, potassium phosphate monobasic, propylene glycol, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, and sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate were products of Sigma Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). Ethanol, mEthanol, and Acetic acid were obtained from VWR Chemicals (Fontenaysous-Bois, France). Potassium hydroxide was obtained from Norsk Medisinaldepot (Oslo, Norway).
8
Evaluation of Root Canal Sealants
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The roots were assigned randomly to seven experimental groups of three roots each. Two roots served as an untreated control group in which no medicament was placed. The seven treatment groups were Calmix™ (Ozdent, Castle Hill, Sydney, Australia), Calasept Plus™ (Nordiska Dental AB, Ängelholm, Sweden), Pulpdent™ (Pulpdent Corporation, Watertown, MA, USA), Odontocide™ (Australian Dental Manufacturing, Kenmore, Brisbane, Australia), 10% calcium hydroxide in PEG 400, 20% calcium hydroxide in PEG 400 and PEG 400 as a vehicle control. calcium hydroxide and PEG 400 were from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MI, USA). The composition of the commercial products is given in Table 1 .
The materials were injected into the root canal under positive pressure until excess was seen to extrude apically. After removing the excess material on the coronal and outer surface of each root, the apex was sealed with molten wax and each root was then placed into an individual Eppendorf™ tube, which was filled with anthocyanin dye solution to a level just below the coronal surface of the tooth. The coronal surface was left open to facilitate photographic records. The samples were then maintained at 37 °C in an incubator for 3 weeks.
The materials were injected into the root canal under positive pressure until excess was seen to extrude apically. After removing the excess material on the coronal and outer surface of each root, the apex was sealed with molten wax and each root was then placed into an individual Eppendorf™ tube, which was filled with anthocyanin dye solution to a level just below the coronal surface of the tooth. The coronal surface was left open to facilitate photographic records. The samples were then maintained at 37 °C in an incubator for 3 weeks.
9
Collagen-GAG Scaffold Fabrication and Crosslinking
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Col-GAG and MC-GAG scaffolds were prepared using lyophilization, as described previously (37 (link)–39 (link)). Briefly, microfibrillar, type I collagen (Collagen Matrix, Oakland, NJ) and chondroitin-6-sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were combined in suspension in the absence and presence of calcium salts (calcium nitrate hydrate, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O; calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in an acetic acid (Col-GAG) or phosphoric acid (MC-GAG) solution. Using a constant cooling rate technique at a rate of 1°C/min, the solution was frozen from room temperature to −10°C using a freeze dryer (Genesis, VirTis). Following sublimation of the ice phase, scaffolds were sterilized via ethylene oxide and cut into 8-mm disks in diameter and 4 mm in height for culture.
Cross-linking of scaffolds was performed after rehydration in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 4 hours using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDAC; Sigma-Aldrich) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS; Sigma-Aldrich) at a molar ratio of 5:2:1 EDAC:NHS:COOH, where COOH represents the amount of collagen in the scaffold as we previously described (40 (link)). Scaffolds were washed with PBS to remove any of the residual chemical.
Cross-linking of scaffolds was performed after rehydration in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 4 hours using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDAC; Sigma-Aldrich) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS; Sigma-Aldrich) at a molar ratio of 5:2:1 EDAC:NHS:COOH, where COOH represents the amount of collagen in the scaffold as we previously described (40 (link)). Scaffolds were washed with PBS to remove any of the residual chemical.
10
Sustainable leather manufacturing using nano-HAp
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Calf hides (pelts) were made available by the Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI) of the National Research and Development Institute for Textiles and Lather (INCDTP), Bucharest. Analytical-grade sodium alginate, potassium periodate and ethylene glycol were procured from Sigma Aldrich (Burlington, MA, USA). Industrial grade sodium alginate and ethylene glycol were purchased from Brenntagg SpA. Sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and water used were industrial grade (provided by ICPI). The synthetic tannins used for comparison were glutaraldehyde (GA) (laboratory tests) and a commercial polyaldehyde (PA) (pilot tests). The pilot-scale synthesis of nano-HAp was developed by University of Turin and Kemia Tau within the M-Eranet project InSuLa (innovative materials and technologies for sustainable leather manufacturing for automotive) [48 (link),54 (link)]. Calcium hydroxide (grade 96%), phosphoric acid (grade 85%), and ammonium hydroxide solution from Sigma Aldrich were used for the nano-HAp laboratory scale synthesis, while industrial-grade hydrated lime, phosphoric acid 85%, and NH3 solution 33% were used for industrial pilot synthesis.
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