Graphite powder (< 20 µm with purity > 99.9 wt.%, Sigma Aldrich, Germany), sodium nitrate (NaNO3; Lab-Scan, Ireland), potassium permanganate (KMnO4; Sigma Aldrich, Germany), sulfuric acid (18.4 M H2SO4; Lab-Scan, Ireland), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; Sigma Aldrich, Germany), hydrochloric acid (12 M HCl; Lab-Scan, Ireland), aqueous ammonia (NH4OH; Lab-Scan, Ireland), hydrazine hydrate (Sigma Aldrich, Germany), benzyl alcohol (Merck, Germany), ethanol (Lab-Scan, Ireland), nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2.6H2O; Merck, Germany), sodium hydroxide (NaOH; Lab-Scan, Ireland), sodium borohydride (NaBH4; Sigma Aldrich, Germany), ethylene glycol (Sigma Aldrich, Germany), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF; Sigma Aldrich, Germany), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP; Sigma Aldrich, Germany) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4; Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were purchased and used without further purification. A water purification system (Barnstead nano pure, Thermo Scientific, USA) was used to obtain deionized (DI) water. A digital ultrasonic bath (Powersonic 505, Hwashin, South Korea) was used for sonication.
Sulfuric acid
Manufactured by RCI Labscan
Sourced in Thailand, Australia, Germany
Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive, colorless, and oily liquid. It is a strong mineral acid with the chemical formula H₂SO₄. Sulfuric acid is a versatile industrial chemical with a wide range of applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (6 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by RCI Labscan (5 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Ethanol, by RCI Labscan (4 mentions)
Glacial acetic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sodium acetate hydrated, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
L ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
2 4 6 tripyridyl s triazine, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Vanillin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Acetic acid, by RCI Labscan (3 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by RCI Labscan (2 mentions)
Methanol, by RCI Labscan (2 mentions)
Sodium carbonate anhydrous, by Chem-Supply (2 mentions)
Gradient water purification system, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Aluminum chloride hexahydrate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
19 protocols using sulfuric acid
1
Graphite-Based Nanocomposite Synthesis
2
Comparative Analysis of Canola Cooking Oils
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In the present research work, five different commercially available MCCOs, from the market were purchased, preserved and used in research work. Canola cooking oils were labeled as Kisan (K-1), Kausar (K-2), Talu (K-3), Apna (K-4) and Sufi (K-5). All the oils were observed for their expiry date and shelf life to ensure basic food quality. The purchased oil was brought to the Research Laboratory of the Department of Chemistry, University of Gujarat, Pakistan and then stored in the refrigerator at 4 °C for later analysis. All of the chemicals (absolute ethanol, methanol, and glacial acetic acid) used in the research work were of high purity analytical grade, and they were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid were from Lab Scan and Iso-octane, n-hexane and phenolphthalein were from Merck.
3
Extraction and Analysis of Butterfat Composition
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Dichloromethane, hexane, methanol, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide (HPLC grade) and sulfuric acid (98% purity) were purchased from Labscan (Dublin, Ireland). Sodium carbonate, sea sand and sodium sulfate anhydrous were supplied by Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Sodium methoxide (95% purity) was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Butterfat BCR-164 (EU Commissions; Brussels, Belgium) was supplied by Fedelco Inc. (Madrid, Spain). CO 2 (99.99% purity) was supplied by Carburos Metálicos (Madrid, Spain).
4
Artificial Perilymph Composition
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Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS: 154 mM NaCl, 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4), sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, D -glucose (Sigma-Aldrich), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (Scharlau), monosodium phosphate (Biochemicals) and 98% sulfuric acid (RCI Labscan), were used as received. An artificial perilymph contained 125 mM NaCl, 3.5 mM KCl, 25 mM NaHCO3, 1.2 mM MgCl2, 1.3 mM CaCl2, 0.75 mM NaH2PO4, and 5 mM glucose (Salt et al., 2003 (link)). Unless indicated, test solutions were degassed with nitrogen for at least 10 min.
5
Analytical Extraction and Characterization of Vigna Pulses
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Analytical grade chemicals were utilized for extraction and characterization of Vigna pulses. The 98% sulfuric acid was gained from RCI Labscan Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand. The sodium carbonate anhydrous was acquired from Chem-Supply Pty Ltd., Adelaide, SA, Australia. The majority of analytical grade chemicals, along with standards utilized in this research were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia), containing quercetin, gallic acid, catechin, vanillin, and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchrom an-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), hydrated sodium acetate, hexahydrate aluminum chloride, ferric chloride (Fe (III) Cl3·6H2O), along with potassium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, magnesium dichloride, sodium hydroxide pellets, ammonium carbonate, calcium chloride, hydrogen chloride, pepsin, as well as bile salts. The in vitro digestive enzymes, such as α-amylase and pancreatin, were bought from US Biological (Assay Matrix Pty Ltd., Clyde, VIC, Australia). Milli-Q water utilized in this research was from Millipore Milli-Q Gradient Water Purification System (Darmstadt, Germany).
6
Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Evaluation
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Most of the chemicals used for extraction and characterization were analytical grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Folin and Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, gallic acid, L-ascorbic acid, vanillin, hexahydrate aluminum chloride, quercetin, catechin, 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhy-drazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) were bought from the Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). The chemical reagent and reference standard for HPLC, including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, quercetin and kaempferol were produced by Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). Sodium carbonate anhydrous were purchased from Chem-Supply Pty Ltd. (Adelaide, SA, Australia) and 98% sulfuric acid were bought from RCI Labscan (Rongmuang, Thailand). Methanol, acetonitrile, ferric chloride (Fe[III]Cl3•6H2O), hydrated sodium acetate, hydrochloric acid and glacial acetic acid were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Scoresby, VIC, Australia).
7
Lead Determination via Dithizone Extraction
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All reagents used in this work were of analytical grade. These were: 30% ammonia solution, (Loba Chemie, India), 99.5% ammonium chloride, (Loba Chemie, India), 99% dithizone, (Ajax Finechem, Australia), dimethyl sulfoxide, 99.9% (RCI Labscan, Thailand), sodium nitrate, 99.5% (AnalaR, UK), nitric acid, 65% (RCI Labscan, Thailand), sulfuric acid, 96% (RCI Labscan, Thailand), hydrochloric acid, 37% (RCI Labscan, Thailand), hydrogen peroxide, 30% (VWR International, USA), ethanol, (RCI Labscan, Thailand), and iron(II, III) oxide, 95% (Sigma-Aldrich, Singapore). The lead(II) standard solution, 1000 mg/L (Loba Chemie, India), was diluted to a 100 mg/L stock solution with deionized water. Working solutions were prepared with deionized water and the dithizone solution was prepared with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Ammonia/ ammonium buffer was used to adjust the pH to a value of 9.
8
Graphene Oxide Synthesis and Characterization
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All chemicals were of analytical grade and used with no further treatment. Graphite flakes (Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA 99.9%, 325 mesh), sodium nitrate (Fluka chemika, Buchs, Switzerland 99% NaNO3), potassium permanganate (Ajax FineChem, New South Wales, Australia 99.0% KMnO4), sodium hydroxide (Ajax FineChem, NaOH), copper (II) nitrate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA Cu(NO3)2⋅3H2O), and sodium borohydride (Sigma Aldrich, NaBH3) were purchased and used as received. Sulfuric acid (RCI Labscan, Bangkok, Thailand 98% H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (RCI Labscan, 37% HCl), HF (Qrec, Chon Buri Chonburi, Thailand, 49%), hydrogen peroxide (Merck, Rahway, NJ, USA, 30% H2O2), ethanol (RCI Labscan, 99.9% C2H5OH), and titanium (IV) butoxide (Sigma Aldrich, Ti(OCH2CH2CH2CH3)4) were used as received. Iso–Propanol (IPA, (CH3)2CHOH) was purchased from RCI Labscan and used without further treatment. The CO2 gas (99.9% purity) was purchased from Lor Ching Tong Oxygen (Samut Sakhon, Thailand).
9
Lignin Extraction from Palm Oil Waste
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To prepare the material for lignin extraction, raw EFB from a palm oil mill having initial moisture content at ~50% was washed with water and sun-dried for 12 h. After that, it was dried at 80 °C in an oven for 24 h to obtain 4.3% final moisture content. Then, dried EFB was crushed and sieved to the particle size in a range of +50/−200 mesh (74–297 μm), and stored in a desiccator for use. For catalyst synthesis, silicon dioxide (SiO2) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) were purchased from KemAus, Australia and used as the catalyst support. Copper (II) nitrate (Cu(NO3)2) and iron (III) nitrate (Fe(NO3)3) were obtained from Ajax Finechem, Australia. For lignin separation from EFB, the chemicals namely potassium carbonate (99.8%, Daejung, Siheung-si, Korea), sodium hydroxide (99.8%, Ajax Finechem, New South Wales, Australia), hydrogen peroxide (30% w/w, Ajax), sulfuric acid (98%, RCI Labscan, Bangkok, Thailand), and hydrochloric acid (37%, RCI Labscan) were purchased and used as received. Solvents for phenolic compound extraction and GC-MS analysis such as methanol (99.8%, HPLC, RCI Labscan) and ethyl acetate (99.5%, Daejung) were acquired and used as received.
10
Phenolic Compounds Extraction and Identification in Cherries
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All
the chemicals used
in the extraction and identification of phenolic compounds in cherries
were of analytical grade. Gallic acid, quercetin, catechin,l -ascorbic acid, and EDTA standards for antioxidant assays were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). The chemicals used
in antioxidant assays were Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol
reagent, aluminum chloride hexahydrate, vanillin, sodium phosphate,
hydrated sodium acetate, trichloroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid,
2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2–2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulphonate)
(ABTS), potassium ferrocyanide(III), iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate,
ferrozine, ferric(III) chloride anhydrous, 3-hydrobenzoic acid, and
ammonium molybdate. Anhydrous sodium carbonate was purchased from
Chem-Supply Pvt. Ltd. (Melbourne, VIC, Australia), and sodium acetate
(hydrated) was purchased from Ajax Finecham (Melbourne, VIC, Australia).
Methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, glacial acetic acid, acetonitrile,
and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific
Inc. (Scoresby, VIC, Australia). Sulfuric acid (98%) was procured
from RCI Labscan Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). The deionized water used
in the study was prepared by the Millipore Milli-Q Gradient Water
Purification System (Darmstadt, Germany).
the chemicals used
in the extraction and identification of phenolic compounds in cherries
were of analytical grade. Gallic acid, quercetin, catechin,
from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). The chemicals used
in antioxidant assays were Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol
reagent, aluminum chloride hexahydrate, vanillin, sodium phosphate,
hydrated sodium acetate, trichloroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid,
2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2–2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulphonate)
(ABTS), potassium ferrocyanide(III), iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate,
ferrozine, ferric(III) chloride anhydrous, 3-hydrobenzoic acid, and
ammonium molybdate. Anhydrous sodium carbonate was purchased from
Chem-Supply Pvt. Ltd. (Melbourne, VIC, Australia), and sodium acetate
(hydrated) was purchased from Ajax Finecham (Melbourne, VIC, Australia).
Methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, glacial acetic acid, acetonitrile,
and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific
Inc. (Scoresby, VIC, Australia). Sulfuric acid (98%) was procured
from RCI Labscan Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). The deionized water used
in the study was prepared by the Millipore Milli-Q Gradient Water
Purification System (Darmstadt, Germany).
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