Axs d2 phaser

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) experiments were performed with a Bruker AXS D2 Phaser diffractometer with CuKα radiation (λ = 1.54060 Å). The operating voltage and current were maintained at 30 kV and 10 mA, respectively. The samples were scanned from 20° to 85° 2θ. Selected higher-quality scans were made with a step size of 0.02°, with a counting rate of 2 s/step with the sample spinning. A 1 mm slit module was used during measurements.

Morphologies of the samples were observed with a S-4800 field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The distribution of elements on the samples was determined by EDS Mapping. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were carried out using a Bruker AXS D2 PHASER, Germany. Keyence VK-X150 laser microscope was used to record the 3D surface topography of samples. A universal UTM2203 tensile testing machine (Sun Technology Co., Ltd.) was used for mechanical tests. Water permeability tests were carried out using the W3-060 Water Vapor Transmission Rate Test System (30, 35, and 40 °C, 80 RH%). Water contact angles were recorded by a video optical contact angle meter (OCA15EC). UV analyses were carried out using an ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-2700), Japan. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was performed with a Thermofisher Nicolet iS50 FTIR. Electromagnetic shielding properties were studied utilizing a Keysight N5234B PNA-L Network Analyzer using a 2-port network analyzer in the range of 8.2–12.4 GHz (X-band). Electrophysiological signals of human were collected with a commercial biosignal collection kit (Plux Wireless Biosignals).

X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed using “Bruker AXS D2 Phaser”. The X-ray generator was equipped with a Cu tube operating at 30 kV and 10 mA and irradiating the sample with a monochromatic CuKα radiation with a wavelength of 1.54 Å. XRD spectra were acquired at room temperature over the 2θ range of 5°–50° with sampling at 0.03° increments and with a measurement time of 1 s per 2θ intervals. The average crystallite size was calculated from the Scherrer equation (Eq. 1), by using the diffraction pattern obtained from the 002 lattice planes of cellulose. $$\text{D}=\left(57.\text{3k}\lambda \right)/\left(\beta \text{cos}\theta \right)$$ where: D is the mean diameter of crystal, k is the crystal shape factor (0.94), λ is the X-ray wavelength (1.54 Å), β is the FWHM (full width at half maximum) of peak diffraction corresponding to the crystallographic plane 002, and θ is the Bragg angle corresponding to the (002) plane. A factor of 57.3 was applied in the equation in order to convert β from degrees to radians.

The morphology of BG nanorods was visualized using a Zeiss Leo 1540XB SEM (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) at 5 mm working distance and 3 kV of electron beam voltage. The specimens were coated with Osmium in an Osmium Plasma Coater (OPC80T, Filgen Inc., Nagoya, Japan). Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) instrument attached to the SEM was used for elemental analysis. XRD was performed using an X-ray diffractometer AXS D2 PHASER (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA) operating on CuKα radiation with λ = 1.5418Å. The measurements were conducted in 30 kV and 10 mA in 2θ range 10–60° with steps of 0.049°. For FTIR analysis, BG nanorods were ground in a planetary ball mill to get a fine powder. FTIR spectra of this powder were obtained using a Nicolet 6700 FT-IR Spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹ with a sample scan of 32 to identify specific functional groups. All spectra were analyzed using OMNIC series software.

KBr pellets were used to examine the FTIR spectra with a SHIMADZU FTIR-8400s spectrophotometer. A Bruker AXS D2 PHASER was employed to record XRD patterns with Cu Kα radiation. A NETZSCH STA 449F3 system was used to conduct TGA studies under air, with a heating rate of 10 °C/min up to 800 °C. SEM with a JSM-6701F system and TEM with a Tecnai F20 system equipped with EDX were used to analyze the morphologies and elemental distributions of the photocatalysts. A Micrometrics ASAP-2460 Surface Area and Porosimetry Analyzer was used to measure the BET-specific surface areas. A Thermo Fisher ESCALAB 250Xi system was used to obtain the XPS data. The PL spectra were obtained at room temperature with a Hitachi F-4700 spectrophotometer with an excitation wavelength of 350 nm. A CS310H electrochemical workstation was used to assess the electrochemical performance.

Photoluminescence properties were measured using a Horiba FluoroMax^®-4 spectrofluorometer, which allows for the correction of inhomogeneities in the instrument and detector response as well as differing lamp intensity, and absorbance spectra were taken with an Agilent Cary 4000 spectrophotometer. Thus, the fluorescence intensities are quantitavely comparable. AFM measurements were performed using the tapping mode of a Veeco 3100 with SiO₂ as substrate. XPS data were measured using a PHI 5000 Versaprobe II XPS microprobe instrument with Au as substrate and TEM images were taken with the Titan G3 50-300 PICO⁴⁸ on ultra thin amorphous carbon TEM grids. Raman spectra were obtained on a Bruker MultiRAM-FT Raman spectrometer equipped with a ND:YAG-laser (excitation wavelength 1064 nm). GQDs were measured in water dispersion in a mirrored cuvette with a laser power of 950 mW for 5000 scans with a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹. Water reference spectra were obtained using the same settings. Solid-state spectra of citric acid were collected at 75 mW for 2500 scans with a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹. The diethylenetriamine reference Raman spectrum was measured in an NMR tube at 400 mW for 2500 scans with a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹. PXRD patterns were recorded on a Bruker AXS D2 Phaser using Cu-Kα1/α2 radiation with λ = 1.5418 Å at 30 kV. Elemental analyses were conducted with a PerkinElmer CHN 2400 Analyzer.