Apomorphine

Manufactured by Bio-Techne

Sourced in United Kingdom

Apomorphine is a pharmaceutical compound used as a laboratory tool. It serves as a dopamine receptor agonist, which allows researchers to study dopaminergic systems and their functions in various experimental settings.

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Lab products found in correlation

8 protocols using apomorphine

Peribulbar Injection for Myopia Modulation

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Atropine sulfate monohydrate (≥97%) (Stanford Chemicals, Eugene, OR, USA) and prazosin (prazosin hydrochloride; Sigma-Aldrich, Corp., St. Louis, MO, USA) were dissolved in normal saline solution. Apomorphine (Tocris, Glasgow, UK) was dissolved in sterilized injection water with 0.01% ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.) added as an antioxidant. Before peribulbar injection, topical anesthesia was administered with one drop of 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride (Alcon, Puurs, Belgium) after removal of the facemask. The injection took about 10 seconds, and the facemask used for form deprivation was then reset over the eye. Each drug (100 µL solution with 1 mg atropine, 750 ng Apomorphine, or 383 ng prazosin) was injected using a 26-gauge needle (0.45 × 16 mm), connected to a 1-mL syringe cannula (Shanghai Kindly Medical Devices Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China), that was gently inserted into the inferior peribulbar space. Form-deprivation right eyes of animals in the control groups were injected with the respective solvent (100 µL). The right eyes of all animals were injected while the left eyes remained untreated. All injections were performed daily (about 9:00 AM) under dim red light during the two weeks of form deprivation.

Zhou X., Zhang S., Zhang G., Chen Y., Lei Y., Xiang J., Xu R., Qu J, & Zhou X. (2020). Increased Choroidal Blood Perfusion Can Inhibit Form Deprivation Myopia in Guinea Pigs. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 61(13), 25.

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Apomorphine-Induced Rotation Assay for Parkinson's Model

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The apomorphine-induced rotation test was applied to validate the PD model, since the number of asymmetric rotations correlates with nigral degeneration, as previously demonstrated [17 (link)]. Rotational asymmetric behavior was evaluated using an automatic rotometer system (Rota-Count 8, Columbus Instruments, Columbus, OH, USA) 7 days after striatal saline or 6-OHDA injection. Animals were injected with the dopamine agonist apomorphine (1 mg/kg, s.c., Tocris Bioscience, BZ, Bristol, UK) dissolved in 0.9% saline and were evaluated over 30 min, as previously described [57 (link)]. The criterion for rotation was a 180° turn toward the side contralateral to the lesion. To reduce stress, the rats were habituated for 30 min one day before the rotational test. The saline rats were also evaluated.

Campos A.C., Berzuíno M.B., Barbosa G.R., Freire H.M., Lopes P.S., Assis D.V., Fonoff E.T, & Pagano R.L. (2021). Motor Cortex Stimulation Reversed Hypernociception, Increased Serotonin in Raphe Neurons, and Caused Inhibition of Spinal Astrocytes in a Parkinson’s Disease Rat Model. Cells, 10(5), 1158.

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Apomorphine-Induced Rotation Model for PD

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To validate the PD model, animals were subjected to apomorphine-induced rotation seven days after the surgical procedure, as previously described [47 (link)]. Briefly, animals were injected with a dopaminergic agonist (apomorphine, 1 mg/kg, subcutaneous (s.c.), Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, MI, USA) dissolved in 0.9% saline, and the number of rotations was recorded over 30 min using an automatic rotometer system (Rota-Count 8, Columbus Instruments, Columbus, OH, USA). No animal injected with 6-OHDA showed asymmetric rotational behavior.

Pinheiro Campos A.C., Martinez R.C., Auada A.V., Lebrun I., Fonoff E.T., Hamani C, & Pagano R.L. (2022). Effect of Subthalamic Stimulation and Electrode Implantation in the Striatal Microenvironment in a Parkinson’s Disease Rat Model. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(20), 12116.

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Dopamine Receptor Ligand Binding Assay

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The assay buffer consisted of MilliQ water, 11 mM Na-HEPES (pH = 7.4) (Sigma-Aldrich), 135 mM NaCl (AppliChem), 1 mM CaCl₂ (AppliChem), 5 mM KCl (AppliChem), 1 mM MgCl₂ (AppliChem), protease inhibitor cocktail (according to the manufacturer’s description, Roche) and 0.1% Pluronic^® F-127 (Sigma-Aldrich). Dithiothreitol (DTT) (AppliChem) was added to the assay buffer for experiments with Dopamine and apomorphine with an end concentration of 1 mM.
D₃ receptor ligands 7-hydroxy-DPAT hydrobromide were purchased from TOCRIS and Spiperone (Sigma S7395), Haloperidol (Sigma H1512), Dopamine, apomorphine, and Butaclamol were from Sigma-Aldrich. The fluorescent ligand CELT-419, its pharmacophore P-165 and pharmacophore with linker PL-384 were kindly provided by Celtarys Research. Stock solutions of these ligands were prepared in DMSO (Applichem) or Milli-Q water in the case of Dopamine.

Tahk M.J., Laasfeld T., Meriste E., Brea J., Loza M.I., Majellaro M., Contino M., Sotelo E, & Rinken A. (2023). Fluorescence based HTS-compatible ligand binding assays for dopamine D3 receptors in baculovirus preparations and live cells. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 10, 1119157.

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Pharmacological Drugs and Administration

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DOI or 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). M100,907 (volinanserin) or (R)-(+)-α-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-4-piperinemethanol, SKF-82,958 or 6-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-phenyl-3-(2-propen-1-yl)-1H-3-benzazepin-e-7,8-diol hydrobromide, and apomorphine or (R)-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-6-methyl-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol hydrochloride were obtained from Tocris (Minneapolis, MN). LSD or lysergic acid diethylamide was obtained from Lipomed (Cambridge, MA). Drugs were dissolved in saline (0.9%). All drugs or vehicle were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), except apomorphine, which as administered subcutaneously (s.c.). Injection volumes were determined based on body weight (0.01 ml/g).

Vohra H.Z., Saunders J.M., Jaster A.M., de la Fuente Revenga M., Jimenez J., Fernández-Teruel A., Wolstenholme J.T., Beardsley P.M, & González-Maeso J. (2021). Sex-specific effects of psychedelics on prepulse inhibition of startle in 129S6/SvEv mice. Psychopharmacology, 239(6), 1649-1664.

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Apomorphine-Induced Rotational Behavior

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After 6 weeks of surgery the rats received subcutaneous injection of Apomorphine (Tocris), (0.05mg/kg body weight). 10min after injection, the rats were placed in a clean open-field arena and their activity was recorded by a computerised tracking system (Biosignals, New York) for 40 minutes. The total number of contralateral (opposite the lesioned side) rotations was counted by individuals blind to the experiment.

Jalewa J., Sharma M.K., Gengler S, & Hölscher C. (2017). A novel GLP-1/GIP dual receptor agonist protects from 6-OHDA lesion in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology, 117.

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Preparation and Dissolution of Neuropharmacological Agents

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CGS 216820, ZM 241385, apomorphine, and clonidine were purchased from Tocris Biosciences. CGS 216820 and ZM 241385 were dissolved in 10% solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in distilled water at the concentrations 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml, respectively. apomorphine and clonidine were dissolved in distilled water at the concentrations 0.02 and 0.02 mg/ml, respectively. Haloperidol was dissolved in 10% tartaric acid at pH = 1 and then in distilled water at the concentration 0.25 mg/ml; the pH of the final solution was close to seven.

Dremencov E., Lacinova L., Flik G., Folgering J.H., Cremers T.I, & Westerink B.H. (2017). Purinergic regulation of brain catecholamine neurotransmission: In vivo electrophysiology and microdialysis study in rats. General physiology and biophysics, 36(4).

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Pharmacological Agents for Neurological Research

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Apomorphine, flupenthixol, SR141716A, and WIN 55,212-2 were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, United Kingdom). Lidocaine and picrotoxin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cocaine was obtained from Boynton Health Services Pharmacy (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Drugs were prepared in a stock solution at 100-1000 times the desired concentration and added into standard ACSF at the final concentration. SR141716A stock was dissolved in DMSO, and WIN 55,212-2 stock was dissolved in ethanol. The final concentrations of DMSO or ethanol were <0.01%.

Ingebretson A.E., Hearing M.C., Huffington E.D, & Thomas M.J. (2018). Endogenous dopamine and endocannabinoid signaling mediate cocaine-induced reversal of AMPAR synaptic potentiation in the nucleus accumbens shell. Neuropharmacology, 131.

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