Deionized di water from milli q system

All chemicals were used as received without further purification. Cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O, 99.95%), copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O, 99.99%), TMB (C₁₆H₂₀N₂, 98%), Ferrous chloride (FeCl₂, 99.5%), Sodium acetate (CH₃COONa, NaAc, 99.0%) and TA (C₈H₆O₄, 99.0%) were obtained from the Aladdin chemical reagent company. Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃, 99.8%), ethylene glycol ((CH₂OH)₂, 99.5%) and acetic acid (CH₃COOH, 99.5%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Deionized (DI) water from Milli-Q System (resistivity: 18.2 MΩ·cm, Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used in all experimental processes. CCK-8 and DMPO were obtained from Dojindo Laboratories Co., Ltd. LIVE/DEAD™ Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit, LIVE/DEAD™BacLight™ Bacterial Viability/Counting Kit and IL-1 beta Polyclonal Antibody (P420B) were obtained from ThermoFisher Scientific Co., Ltd. Mouse TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β ELISA kit were obtained from 4ABio Co., Ltd. Recombinant anti-TNF alpha antibody (ab307164) was obtained from Abcam Co., Ltd.

Iridium(III) 2,4-pentanedionate (Ir(acac)₃), rhodium(III) 2,4-pentanedionate (Rh(acac)₃), iron(III) 2,4-pentanedionate (Fe(acac)₃), nickel(II) 2,4-pentanedionate (Ni(acac)₂), cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedionate (Co(acac)₃) were all purchased from Alfa Aesar. Ruthenium acetylacetonate (Ru(acac)₃) were purchased from Adamas-Beta. Sodium nitrate (NaNO₃), potassium nitrate (KNO₃), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium bromide (KBr), and alcohol were all obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Ruthenium oxide (RuO₂) and iridium oxide (IrO₂) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Deionized (DI) water from Milli-Q System (Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used in all our experiments. Nafion solution (5 wt%) was purchased from Aldrich. All chemicals were used as received without further purification.