Nonspecific antibody binding was blocked by goat serum. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and F4/80 staining was performed with anti-HMGB1 and anti-F4/80 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA) at 1:100 dilution in a humidified chamber at 4 °C overnight. After incubation with Alexa-conjugated secondary antibodies (Invitrogen) at 1:1000 dilution for 1 h at room temperature, signals were visualized by confocal microscopy, and DAPI was used for nuclear counterstaining. Quantification was using Image J software.
Human liver Sirt6 staining was performed using anti-Sirt6 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology) and immunohistochemistry kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Images were created using CaseViewer software (3D Histech, Budapest, Hungary).
Mice liver PAR staining was performed using anti-PAR antibody (Tulips Biolabs, Lansdale, PA) and immunohistochemistry kit (Abcam) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Quantification was using Image J software.