Anti p ampk

TMZ, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), propidium iodide (PI) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (München, Germany). Antibodies to β-actin (#sc-47778), anti-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK; #sc-25792), anti-p-AMPK (#sc-33524), and anti-p-mTOR (#sc-101738) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA). Antibodies to anti-p-Akt (#05-736) and anti-Akt (#05-591) were obtained from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA). Anti-LC3 antibodies (#NB100-2220) were purchased from Novus Biologicals (Littleton, CO, USA). Primary antibodies were used at a dilution of 1:1,000 in 0.1% Tween-20 and secondary antibodies were used at 1:5,000 dilutions. Acridine orange was obtained from Life Technologies (Rockville, MD, USA). Carbazole derivatives were synthesized in the laboratory of the Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University (Taichung, Taiwan), under the supervision of Dr L.J. Huang. Carbazole derivatives were synthesized and obtained by the laboratory of Dr L.J. Huang.

Anti-LOX-1, anti-β-actin, anti-p-AMPK, anti-p-PKCβ anti-gp91, anti-p22phox, anti-NOX-1, anti-p-p38, anti-p-Akt and anti-SIRT1 were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA). Anti-p-ERK, anti-ICAM-1, anti-VCAM-1, anti-Bax, anti-Bcl-2, anti-cleaved caspase-3 and anti-NF-κBp65 were obtained from Cell Signaling (MA, USA). Anti-Rac-1 and anti-p47phox were obtained from BD Biosciences (NJ, USA).