Wi38 human lung fibroblasts

BEAS-2B cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA). Human bronchial epithelial (HBEL)/p53i cells were kindly provided by Dr. John Minna (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA)^{13 (link)}, and 1799, 1198, and 1170-I cells were kindly provided by Dr. Curtis C. Harris (National Cancer Institute, USA)^{14 (link)}. These cells were cultured in K-SFM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with 5 ng/mL recombinant epidermal growth factor (EGF) and 50 μg/mL bovine pituitary extracts. MLE-12 murine alveolar epithelial cells, THP-1 human monocytes/macrophages, and Wi38 human lung fibroblasts were purchased from ATCC. MLE-12 cells were cultured in HITES medium [DMEM-F12 media (Welgene, Inc., Gyeongssan-si, Republic of Korea) containing 1× insulin-transferrin-selenium solution (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 10 nM hydrocortisone, 10 nM β-estradiol, 10 mM HEPES, and 2 mM L-glutamine (Welgene)] with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Welgene) and 1× antibiotic-antimycotic solution (100 units/mL penicillin, 10 mg/mL streptomycin sulfate, and 25 μg/mL amphotericin B in 0.85% NaCl solution; Welgene). THP-1 and Wi38 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium and DMEM, respectively, with 10% FBS and 1× antibiotic-antimycotic solution. Cells were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO₂.