Eos 90d

Specimens for this study were collected in Jilin, China in 2014 and deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (CAU) and the Entomological Museum of Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong, China (QAU). The holotype and paratype of L. (L.) basistrigata (Alexander, 1934), deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM), were also examined. Genitalic preparations of male was made by macerating the apical portion of the abdomen in cold 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for 12–15 hours. Observations and illustrations were made using a ZEISS Stemi 2000–C stereomicroscope. Photographs were taken with a Canon EOS 90D digital camera through a macro lens. Details of colouration were examined in specimens immersed in 75% ethanol (C₂H₅OH).
The morphological terminology mainly follows Cumming and Wood (2017) and that for ve­nation follows de Jong (2017) . The following abbreviations in figures are used: aed = aedeagus, cerc = cercus, goncx = gonocoxite, hyp vlv = hypogynial valve, i gonst = inner gonostylus, o gonst = outer gonostylus, pm = paramere, rp = rostral prolongation, st 8 = sternite 8, tg 9 = tergite 9, tg 10 = tergite 10.

A digital camera (Canon EOS 90D) was used to record changes in artificial muscle elongation and perform statistical calculations using ImageJ. A universal testing machine (Instron3365, INSTRON, USA) was used to record the temperature changes under light exposure. A nano-search microscope (OLS4500, Japan) was used to observe the low boiling droplets in the prepolymer. The stress–strain curves were obtained on an Instron 5566 universal tester (Instron, Norwood, MA) at a tensile rate of 20 mm min⁻¹. Each sample (5 × 1 cm²) was tested four times. For the blocking force experiment, a cylindrical artificial muscle sample (l = 30 mm, d = 9 mm) was placed in a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) cylinder, fixed to the bottom and connected to a force gauge at the top (Series5 M5-2, MARK-10, USA). The experimental setup is shown in the Fig. S4. A sample of a constant size was placed in the cylinder, the position of the inductor was changed, and the force was recorded. Each test was conducted with three samples.

For species identification, 12 preserved copepods from the laboratory predation efficiency experiments were randomly selected, dissected and identified under the microscope (Motic Panthera C2^® microscope; n = 12) according to the keys of Błędzki and Rybak [40 ] and Einsle [24 ]. For final species identification, the fourth and fifth paired swimming legs (P4 and P5), the furca, as well as the specific ecology, incidence and body size of the different species, were considered. Each of those characteristic body features were photographed with a Canon EOS 90D^® camera.

All photographs and time-lapse videos were shot by a single-lens reflex camera (Canon EOS 90d, Japan). Photographs of samples were captured as the phase separation completed in the suspensions at either 21 or 50 °C. Those obtained time-dependent images exhibit spreading of the supernatant/suspension interface that is used to differentiate the isotropic region and anisotropic region in the suspensions. Volume fraction of the anisotropic phase was determined by dividing its height by the total height of the dispersion using software ImageJ.
The time-dependent phase separation process was visualized by the time-lapse recording, and as-obtained videos were automatically transferred to the format of 25 FPS (1 s is equal to 12.5 min in real time) by a camera. To depicture the phase separation kinetics, time-lapse videos were transferred to image sequence stocks and those image sequences were imported into ImageJ. For each time step, the position of PEG-dextran phase boundary or isotropic-cholesteric liquid crystal interface was monitored in the software. The volume fraction of the corresponding phase at a given time was normalized by its height with respect to the height of the suspension.

At postoperative day 7, photographs were taken with a Canon EOS 90D (Tokyo, Japan) camera from a standard distance to assess flap survival and necrosis area. Dark and remaining zones of flaps were identified as necrotic and viable areas, respectively. They were measured with a Fiji-ImageJ software. Viable area of the flap was calculated by subtracting necrotic area from total area of the flap. It was expressed as percentage of flap survival area.

Images of 5-d-old seedlings were taken with a digital camera (Canon EOS 90D). The images included a ruler placed on top of the plate for further analysis. Hypocotyl lengths were measured with the ImageJ software (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij) from a suite of 60 JPG images per replicate and treatment (three independent replicates) from seedlings grown on mock or low Pi media and media supplemented with 50 μM JA. Graphs, calculations, and statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism software version 8.0 for Mac.