Using an established corneal wound model, corneal alkali wounding was induced in the left eye of each rabbit [35 (link)]. Briefly, after initial clinical examinations and extraocular imaging, rabbits were anesthetized by intramuscular injection of ketamine hydrochloride 50mg/kg (MWI, Boise, ID) and xylazine hydrochloride 10mg/kg (Akorn, Lake Forest IL). Proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% (Alcon, Fort Worth, TX) was topically applied to the cornea and a wire eyelid speculum was placed. A 7mm-diameter filter paper was soaked in 0.5N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and then applied onto the axial cornea for 30 seconds while visualized under a surgical microscope (Leica Wild Microscope MEL53; Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). Following removal of the filter paper, the wounded cornea was immediately and copiously rinsed with sterile balanced salt solution (BSS) to remove residual alkali solution. Fluorescein stain (Flu-Glo, Akorn, Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL, USA) was applied to verify corneal burns.
Proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5
Manufactured by Alcon
Sourced in United States
Proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% is a topical anesthetic medication. It is used to numb the eye before certain medical procedures.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Wild microscope mel53, by Leica (1 mentions)
Flu glo, by Akorn (1 mentions)
Tobramycin ointment, by Alcon (1 mentions)
Balanced salt solution, by Alcon (1 mentions)
Mydriacyl, by Alcon (1 mentions)
Heidelberg retina tomograph cornea module, by Heidelberg Engineering (1 mentions)
Alcaine, by Alcon (1 mentions)
5 protocols using proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5
1
Corneal Alkali Wound Model in Rabbits
2
Induction of Acute Ocular Hypertension in Rodents
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General anesthesia was administered to the animals through intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (8 mg/kg). Topical eye drops were used for desensitizing the cornea, with proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% (Alcaine; Alcon, Ltd., Fort Worth, TX, USA), and dilating the pupil (Mydriacyl, Alcon, Ltd.). AOH was induced according to the procedure used in our previous study (Mi et al., 2012a). Briefly, a micro glass tube, linked to a reservoir of balanced salt solution (Alcon, Ltd.), was inserted into the anterior chamber of one eye/animal for 60 minutes, to increase the intraocular pressure to 90 mmHg and maintain it at that level. To keep the animal’s temperature at 37 ± 0.5°C, a heating pad was used during the surgical procedure. Tobramycin ointment (0.3%; Alcon, Ltd.) was applied to the conjunctival sac to prevent infection after the AOH operation.
3
Corneal Confocal Microscopy for Nerve Assessment
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Using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph Cornea Module (Heidelberg Engineering, Vista, CA, USA), participants underwent corneal confocal microscopy as per an established protocol [38 (link)]. Briefly, one eye was randomly selected and anaesthetized with a drop of Alcaine (proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5%; Alcon, Mississauga, ON, Canada). A drop of Genteal Gel (0.3% hypromellose; Novartis Ophthalmics, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) was placed on the tip of the objective lens and a sterile disposable Tomo cap was placed over the lens, allowing optical coupling of the objective lens to the cornea to focus on Bowman’s layer. Images were taken by a single investigator. Five images per participant were examined and nerve fiber density (number of nerve fibers per mm [2 (link)] of corneal tissue), nerve branch density (number of branches from major nerve trunks per mm [2 (link)] of corneal tissue), nerve fiber length (length of all nerve fibers per mm [2 (link)] of corneal tissue) and nerve fiber tortuosity were quantified.
4
Standardized EyeCam Imaging Protocol
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EyeCam imaging was performed by a trained technician with the subject in the supine position under dark ambient lighting. Topical anesthetic drops (Proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5%; Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX) and a coupling gel were applied to the eye. Images were obtained from all four quadrants of both eyes. Care was taken to avoid deformation of the eye. If the view of the angle was blocked by a convex iris curvature, the technician was permitted to rotate the probe up to 10° anteriorly along the cornea to better visualize the angle.
EyeCam images were graded by a single glaucoma trained specialist (SCL) masked to other examination findings. Image quality was graded from 1 to 3 as follows: grade 1, a clear image; grade 2, a slightly blurred image with distinguishable ACA structures; and grade 3, a blurry image with indistinguishable ACA structures. Angle grading was based on the identification of anatomic landmarks similar to the modified Shaffer classification system used for gonioscopy.
EyeCam images were graded by a single glaucoma trained specialist (SCL) masked to other examination findings. Image quality was graded from 1 to 3 as follows: grade 1, a clear image; grade 2, a slightly blurred image with distinguishable ACA structures; and grade 3, a blurry image with indistinguishable ACA structures. Angle grading was based on the identification of anatomic landmarks similar to the modified Shaffer classification system used for gonioscopy.
5
Imaging Anterior Chamber Angle with EyeCam
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Subjects were placed in a supine position, and the room was darkened during testing. Imaging with the EyeCam was performed by a single trained technician. Images were obtained from all four quadrants (inferior, superior, nasal, and temporal quadrants sequentially) of both eyes. Topical anesthetic drops (Proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5%; Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA) were applied, followed by a coupling gel. Imaging was performed with the 130° lens on the EyeCam hand piece. The tip was placed near the limbus and directed at the opposite angle. Care was taken to avoid contact and potential compression of the eye. If the view of the angle was blocked by a convex lens curvature, the technician was allowed to move the tip approximately 10° anteriorly along the cornea, similar to slightly tilting a gonioscopy lens. Evaluation of the angle structures was accomplished by adjusting the distance of the hand piece tip from the limbus, and the illumination was adjusted by the foot pedal control.
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