Oxygen evolution was measured at 20 °C in a Clarke-type oxygen electrode (OxyLab2, Hansatech, UK) using cell suspensions at 10 μM Chl, after addition of potassium ferricyanide (Sigma-Aldrich) to 1 mM and the artificial PSII electron acceptor DCBQ (2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, Sigma-Aldrich) to 2 mM. potassium ferricyanide was added from a 200 mM stock solution in water and DCBQ from a 100 mM stock in ethanol. Illumination was with saturating white light (>20,000 μmol photons m−2 s−1). Initial rates of O2 evolution following the onset of illumination were measured using the OxyTrace+ software from Hansatech. Oxygen evolution in the presence of oxidized DCBQ and saturating light is a direct indicator of the level of PSII reaction centers with functioning water-oxidizing complexes82 (link).
Potassium ferricyanide
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, India, United Kingdom, Canada, Poland, Sao Tome and Principe, Australia, Macao, China, Sweden, Italy
Potassium ferricyanide is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula K3[Fe(CN)6]. It is a crystalline, orange-red solid that is soluble in water. Potassium ferricyanide is commonly used as a laboratory reagent and in various industrial applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Trichloroacetic acid, by Merck Group (108 mentions)
Ferric chloride, by Merck Group (105 mentions)
Potassium ferrocyanide, by Merck Group (97 mentions)
Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (95 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (93 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (69 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (63 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (62 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (59 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (52 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (51 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (50 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (43 mentions)
Aluminum chloride, by Merck Group (35 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (35 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (35 mentions)
Ammonium molybdate, by Merck Group (33 mentions)
Sulfuric acid, by Merck Group (32 mentions)
Hydrogen peroxide, by Merck Group (30 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (29 mentions)
451 protocols using potassium ferricyanide
1
Measuring PSII Oxygen Evolution
2
Antioxidant Activity Assay Protocol
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DPPH, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and gallic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich USA. Folin–Ciocalteu was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Potassium ferricyanide, potassium acetate, phosphate buffer, ferrous ammonium sulfate, ascorbic acid, aluminum chloride (AlCl3), thrichloroacetic acid (TCA), ammonium molybdate, tannic acid, quercetin, acetyl acetone, and ferric chloride (FeCl3) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Rutin, gallic acid, TCA, Potassium ferricyanide, ferrozine, and BHT were purchased from Sigma, and iron (II) chloride was purchased from Aldrich. Methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and PE were purchased from Merk (Darmstadt, Germany).
3
Preparation of Oxidized and Reduced MbnBC
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Purified 57Fe-labeled MbnBC was either oxidized or reduced for further experiments. For oxMbnBC, samples were incubated with 1.5 equiv of potassium ferricyanide (MilliporeSigma) for 20 min at 4 °C followed by removal of excess potassium ferricyanide using a Superdex 75 size exclusion column. All reduced MbnBC samples were prepared in either a Coy anaerobic chamber or an anoxic chamber (Labmaster, MBraun) using oxMbnBC samples. The reduction titration was performed by adding 0.5, 1, and 2 equiv of sodium asc (Acros Organics) or 2 equiv sodium dithionite (MilliporeSigma) followed by incubation at 4 °C for 20 min. Samples of oxMbnBC, redMbnBC_asc (2 equiv asc), and redMbnBC_dt (2 equiv of dithionite) were used for activity assays and characterization by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Samples of MbnA-bound redMbnBChighFe_asc for EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopic analyses were prepared in the anaerobic chamber, by incubation with 2 equiv of MbnA for 20 min at 4 °C.
4
Antioxidant Assays of Streptokinase
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Lyophilized streptokinase (1,500,000 IU) was obtained from Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh. Gallic acid, quercetin, and ferric chloride were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., Saint Louis, MI, USA. Potassium ferricyanide, sodium carbonate, and ascorbic acid were purchased from Merck KGaA, Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Germany, and SD Fine Chem. Ltd., Kolkata, West Bengal, India. ascorbic acid was purchased from SD Fine Chem. Ltd., Kolkata, West Bengal, India, and Potassium ferricyanide from May and Backer, Dagenham, UK. Methanol, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, sodium carbonate, and Potassium ferricyanide were purchased from Merck KGaA, Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Germany. All chemicals were of analytical reagent grade.
5
Spectrophotometric Determination of Antioxidant Reducing Power
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RP of S. aureus samples was determined according to the method reported by Ding et al. [42 (link)], with slight modification as described by Łopusiewicz et al. [43 (link)]. 0.5 mL of the suspension (1A–C) was mixed with 0.5 mL of water:methanol (8:2, v:v) solution and 0.5 mL of 1% potassium ferricyanide (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) and incubated at 50 °C for 20 min. After cooling, 1 mL of this mixture was transferred to 1 mL of 0.1% ferric chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), and the absorbance was measured at 700 nm using a spectrophotometer (Evolution 220 UV-Visible spectrophotometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, DE, USA). Experiments were performed in triplicate. The RP was calculated according to Equation (2):
6
Reducing Power Assay for Plant Extracts
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The reducing power assay was performed as described previously (Oyaizu, 1986 (link)), with some modifications. A mixture of 300 μL of plant extract, 300 μL of 200 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.6; Sigma-Aldrich), and 300 μL of 1% potassium ferricyanide (Sigma-Aldrich) was incubated in a water bath (JSWB-22(T), JSR, Korea) for 20 min at 50°C. The reactants were mixed with 300 μL of 10% trichloroacetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) solution and then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm using a Centrifuge 5415 C machine (Eppendorf, Germany). Ferric chloride (300 μL; Sigma-Aldrich) was added to 300 μL of the supernatant, and the absorbance of the solution was measured at 700 nm using a spectrometer.
7
Comprehensive Chemical Reagents Protocol
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Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, ferric chloride, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid, potassium ferricyanide, ascorbic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trypsin, quercetin, and Congo red were acquired from Sigma Co. St. Louis, Missouri, USA. The organic solvents, acids, and other supporting chemicals such as ethanol, DMSO, hydrochloric acid aluminum chloride, methanol, monosodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium carbonate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium hydrogen peroxide were purchased from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. All other supporting reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade, and the organic solvents used were of HPLC grade.
8
Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Assays
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DPPH (1, 1′-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), aluminum chloride, ammonium molybdate, potassium ferricyanide, ascorbic acid, Folin-ciocalteu reagent, Tris–HCl and triton X-100 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, India. Gallic acid was obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Company Ltd., Japan. 2-deoxy-D-ribose, 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), catechin, quercetin, 5,5′-dithio-bis-(2-nitro) benzoic acid (DTNB), acetylthiocholine iodide, S-butyrylthiocholine, galantamine, and donepezil were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Japan. Unless otherwise specified, all other chemicals were of analytical grade.
9
Ginseng Cultivation and Analysis
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Dried ginseng roots were purchased from a local supermarket in Jillin city (longitude 125° 40′ ~ 127° 56′, latitude 42° 31′ ~ 44° 40′), China. The ginseng roots cultivated for 5 years were collected in November 2019. All chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade. Trichloroacetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, ferric chloride, potassium ferricyanide, sodium carbonate, methanol were supplied by Zhengda Chemical Company, Jilin, China. α-amylase, amyloglucosidase, protease, gallic acid, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
10
Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Assays
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Chemicals: Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent (BDH, 19058 2Q), ethanol (BDH, 10107), sodium carbonate, distilled water, gallic acid (Sigma Aldrich, 702587), sodium nitrite (Sigma Aldrich), aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide, quercetin, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (Sigma Aldrich, D9132), potassium ferricyanide (Sigma Aldrich, 702587), disodium phosphate buffer (Merck, 10028-24-7), sodiumhydroxyphosphate dihydrate, ferric-chloride (Sigma Aldrich, 7705080), ascorbic acid, trichloroacetic acid (Merck, DI6D662833).
Cell lines: Huh-7 cancerous cell line and Vero non-cancerous cell line was kindly provided by NIBGE and NIAB, Faisalabad, respectively. Bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from sewage water by Human Infectious Disease (HID) group at Akhuwat FIRST, Faisalabad.
In vitro study
Cell lines: Huh-7 cancerous cell line and Vero non-cancerous cell line was kindly provided by NIBGE and NIAB, Faisalabad, respectively. Bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from sewage water by Human Infectious Disease (HID) group at Akhuwat FIRST, Faisalabad.
In vitro study
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