Vancomycin hydrochloride

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Macao, Poland

Vancomycin hydrochloride is a white to off-white crystalline powder. It is a potent antibiotic used in the treatment of various bacterial infections, including those caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The product is primarily used in research and laboratory settings for the study and development of antimicrobial agents.

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Lab products found in correlation

82 protocols using vancomycin hydrochloride

Selective Antibiotics and Bacterial Growth

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The effect of supplementing the media with selective antibiotics on the growth of bacteria on the media was examined by comparing bacterial growth on the media with the new medium not supplemented with antibiotics to the growth of the bacteria on media that had been supplemented with antibiotics after aerobic incubation at 37 C for 48 h. Modifications of two antibiotic mixtures used as selective Campylobacter media supplements were tested. One selective supplement tested was the CCDA supplement that contained 32 mg/L of cefoperazone and 10 mg/L of amphotericin B (Lyophilchem, Roseto degli Abruzzi, TE, Italy; CN 81037), with and without the addition of 10 mg/L or 20 mg/L of vancomycin hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA; CNs 75423). The other supplement was the Skirrow antibiotic supplement that contained 10 mg/L of vancomycin hydrochloride, 20 mg/L of trimethoprim lactate, and 2500 IU polymyxin B 2500 IU (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA; CNs T0667, and 1405-20-5, respectively). Concentrations listed for each supplement are the final concentration of antibiotics after addition to the medium.

Levican A, & Hinton A J.r. (2022). CAMPYAIR, a New Selective, Differential Medium for Campylobacter spp. Isolation without the Need for Microaerobic Atmosphere. Microorganisms, 10(7), 1403.

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Quantification of Neonatal Plasma Drugs

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Ampicillin, caffeine citrate, fluconazole, midazolam, α-hydroxymidazolam, vancomycin hydrochloride, and the internal standards (IS) caffeine-¹³C3 and midazolam-D4 maleate, LC–MS grade acetonitrile, water, and formic acid were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other chemicals and agents were of the highest analytical grade commercially available.
Blank human plasma was purchased from Innovative Research (Novi, Michigan, USA). Blood samples were obtained from three preterm and three full-term neonates treated in the NICU of the University of Michigan Hospital. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Michigan. Plasma was separated from the whole blood after centrifugation and stored at −80°C until use.

Xiao J., Shi J., Li R., Her L., Wang X., Li J., Sorensen M.J., Bhatt-Mehta V, & Zhu H.J. (2021). Developing a SWATH capillary LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous therapeutic drug monitoring and untargeted metabolomics analysis of neonatal plasma. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 1179, 122865.

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Murine Osteoclast Differentiation Protocol

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The RAW264.7 cell line was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (San Diego, CA, USA) and cultured in high-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) containing 1% of penicillin/streptomycin solution (Gibco) and 10% of fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco). Six to 8-week old female C57BL/6 J mice were purchased from the Jackson laboratory (Bar Harbor, Maine, USA). The femurs were collected from euthanized mice and flushed with minimum essential medium Eagle α (MEMα) complete medium containing 10% of FBS (Gemini Bio, Woodland, CA, USA) and 1% of penicillin/streptomycin solution (Gibco) using a sterile 26-gauge needle. After red blood cell (RBC) lysis using RBC lysis buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), the cells sat overnight in a 10-cm cell culture dish in complete MEMα supplemented with M-CSF (10 ng/ml; Shenandoah Biotechnology, Warwick, PA, USA). All cells were incubated in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂ at 37°C (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Vancomycin hydrochloride was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Rifampin was purchased from G-Biosciences (St. Louis, MO, USA). OLT was purchased from the Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA).

Kwon H.K., Lee I., Yu K.E., Cahill S.V., Alder K.D., Lee S., Dussik C.M., Back J., Choi J., Song L., Kyriakides T.R, & Lee F.Y. (2021). Dual therapeutic targeting of intra-articular inflammation and intracellular bacteria enhances chondroprotection in septic arthritis. Science Advances, 7(26), eabf2665.

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Preparation of Antibiotic Stock Solutions

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Stock solutions of auranofin (Enzo, United Biosciences, Carindale, QLD, NSW, Australia) 4005.9 mg/L, metronidazole (Sigma-Aldrich) 171.15 mg/L, and vancomycin hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich) 4999.9 mg/L were prepared by dissolving a powdered antibiotic in either 100% ethanol (Chem-supply, Westlabs, Mitchell Park, VIC, Australia) for auranofin or sterile deionised water for metronidazole and vancomycin.

Roder C, & Athan E. (2020). In Vitro Investigation of Auranofin as a Treatment for Clostridium difficile Infection. Drugs in R&D, 20(3), 209-216.

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Vancomycin-Loaded PLGA Microparticles

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PLGA microparticles (Resomer 503H [50:50 lactic acid:glycolic acid, acid terminated, M_w = 38.2k and M_n = 26.6k as determined by Advanced Polymer Chromatography (Waters Corp, Millford, MA)], Evonik, Birmingham, AL with polystyrene standards) loaded with 20 wt% vancomycin hydrochloride (USP-grade from Streptomyces orientalis, Sigma-Aldrich) were fabricated using a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion solvent evaporation technique as described previously [21 (link)]. Briefly, vancomycin hydrochloride was dissolved in 0.3 wt% PVA (88% hydrolyzed, 13–23 kDa, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) at 312.5 mg/mL prior to emulsification with the oil phase consisting of PLGA in dichloromethane at 222 mg/mL at a ratio of 1:5.6 v/v. The external aqueous phase of 0.3 wt% PVA and 4 wt% NaCl was left to stir at 700 rpm for 30 minutes prior to reduction in stirring to 500 rpm for an additional 3.5 hrs. The microparticles were washed three times in distilled water prior to flash freezing and vacuum drying. Blank microparticles were made similarly but without any antibiotic dissolved in the internal phase. The microparticles were sieved, and particles below 300μm were utilized in space maintainer fabrication.

Watson E., Smith B.T., Smoak M.M., Tatara A.M., Shah S.R., Pearce H.A., Hogan K.J., Shum J., Melville J.C., Hanna I.A., Demian N., Wenke J.C., Bennett G.N., van den Beucken J.J., Jansen J.A., Wong M.E, & Mikos A.G. (2020). Localized Mandibular Infection Affects Remote in Vivo Bioreactor Bone Generation. Biomaterials, 256, 120185.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Antimicrobial Hydrogel

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Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (M_n 575) was obtained commercially (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) along with reduced glutathione (Chem-Impex International, Wood Dale, IL) and Irgacure 2959 (Ciba, Basel, Switzerland). Analytical grade meropenem (Supplementary Figure 1A) and vancomycin hydrochloride (Supplementary Figure 1B) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) along with pravastatin sodium hydrochloride (Supplementary Figure 1C) from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). Dulbecco’s modified phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without calcium and magnesium was obtained from Corning (Manassas, VA) and used for all loading and release experiments unless otherwise noted. Cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB) and agar along with tryptic soy agar with 5% sheep’s blood plates were obtained commercially (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Recombinant glutathione-S-transferase proteins were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli as previously described (27 (link)). Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (ATCC 27853 and AR 0440) were obtained from our internal biorepository and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Antibiotic Resistance (AR) isolate bank (28 ).

Sokolowski K., Pham H.M., Wenzler E, & Gemeinhart R.A. (2021). Glutathione-Conjugated Hydrogels: Flexible Vehicles for Personalized Treatment of Bacterial Infections. Pharmaceutical research, 38(7), 1247-1261.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocol

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Cefazolin was obtained from Acros Organics. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, linezolid and vancomycin hydrochloride were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tetracycline hydrochloride was obtained from Alfa Aesar. Sorangicin A was provided by HZI, Braunschweig. Stock solutions were prepared in Milli-Q water or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma-Aldrich). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined in cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB2) using the broth microdilution method as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of the antibiotic causing complete inhibition of visible growth of the microorganism (CLSI, 2017) [58 ].

Fries F., Kany A.M., Rasheed S., Hirsch A.K., Müller R, & Herrmann J. (2023). Impact of Drug Administration Routes on the In Vivo Efficacy of the Natural Product Sorangicin a Using a Staphylococcus aureus Infection Model in Zebrafish Embryos. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(16), 12791.

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Antibiotic Compounds Procurement Protocol

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Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Santa Ana, CA, USA); erythromycin hydrochloride, vancomycin hydrochloride, ampicillin, ceftriaxone sodium, levofloxacin, imipenem monohydrate, gentamicin sulfate, tetracycline hydrochloride, colistin sulfate, penicillin G potassium, teicoplanin, linezolid, clindamycin hydrochloride, and metronidazole were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA); meropenem was purchased from TCI (Portland, OR, USA); and daptomycin and fidaxomicin were purchased from Selleckchem (Houston, TX, USA).

D’Atanasio N., Capezzone de Joannon A., Di Sante L., Mangano G., Ombrato R., Vitiello M., Bartella C., Magarò G., Prati F., Milanese C., Vignaroli C., Di Giorgio F.P, & Tongiani S. (2020). Antibacterial activity of novel dual bacterial DNA type II topoisomerase inhibitors. PLoS ONE, 15(2), e0228509.

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Decellularization and Bioburden Reduction

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The decellularisation procedure for Study 2 was as described for Study 1 but with the acetone treatment included as a fat reduction step. The following changes were then subsequently introduced. A 3 h bioburden reduction step was included immediately after the acetone treatment using either peracetic acid (0.1%; v/v [Sigma]) or an antibiotic solution (PBS containing 0.05 mg ml⁻¹ vancomycin hydrochloride, 0.5 mg ml⁻¹ gentamicin sulphate, 0.2 mg ml⁻¹ polymyxin [all from Sigma]), both at room temperature. In addition, each bioburden reduction step was investigated with and without the terminal PAA treatment described in Study 1. This was to determine any interacting effects it may have with the bioburden steps on the mechanical properties of the tissue.
Hence, seven groups were investigated in Study 2:

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Native (untreated)

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DC2+TPAA

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DC2−TPAA

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DC2+PAAbio+TPAA

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DC2+PAAbio−TPAA

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DC2+ABbio+TPAA

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DC2+ABbio−TPAA.

DC2: decellularisation process with acetone permanently included (i.e. DC2=DC1+ACE), TPAA: terminal peracetic acid treatment, PAAbio: peracetic acid bioburden treatment, ABbio: antibiotic bioburden treatment. + and − denote ‘with’ and ‘without’ respectively.
The steps investigated and the processes involved are shown in Fig. 1(b).

Herbert A., Jones G.L., Ingham E, & Fisher J. (2015). A biomechanical characterisation of acellular porcine super flexor tendons for use in anterior cruciate ligament replacement: Investigation into the effects of fat reduction and bioburden reduction bioprocesses. Journal of Biomechanics, 48(1), 22-29.

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Isolating and Characterizing C. difficile

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The bacterial isolates were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), the CDC, and the Biodefense and Emerging Infections Research Resources Repository (BEI Resources, Manassas, VA). C. difficile strains were grown in Mueller-Hilton broth II (Beckton, Dickinson, and Company, MD) or supplemented brain heart infusion agar plates (BHIS, Beckton, Dickinson, and Company, MD) at 37°C in an anaerobic chamber (Coy Laboratory Products Inc., Grass Lake, MI). Vancomycin hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and fidaxomicin (Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI) were purchased from commercial vendors. TRIzol Max Bacterial RNA Isolation Kit, Turbo DNA-free Kit, SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and iTaq Universal SYBR Green One-Step Kit were purchased from commercial vendors (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA).

Pal R, & Seleem M.N. (2023). Antisense inhibition of RNA polymerase α subunit of Clostridioides difficile. Microbiology Spectrum, 11(5), e01755-23.

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