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5 protocols using ammonium vanadate

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Nanomaterials

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In this study, the following chemicals and materials were used. Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 28%), ammonium vanadate (NH4VO3, 99%), ferric chloride anhydrous (FeCl3, 99.9%), zinc chloride anhydrous (ZnCl2, 99.9%), tert-butyl alcohol ((CH3)3COH, 98.5%), 1,4-benzoquinone (C6H4O2, 99%), and ammonium oxalate ((NH4)2C2O4, 99%) are provided from Sigma-Aldrich. The malachite green (MG) dye (C23H25N2Cl; MW = 364.92 g) is provided from Fluka. All chemicals used in this study were analytical grade and utilized without additional purification.
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2

Synthesis of Multicomponent Nanomaterials

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Bismuth(iii) nitrate (Bi (NO3)3·5H2O, 98%), ammonium vanadate (NH4VO4, >99%), stannic chloride (SnCl4, 98%), and sodium sulfite (Na2SO3, 98%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate ((NH4)2·MoS4, 99.95%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4), sodium monohydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), and sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) were obtained from Sarabhai M Chemicals. Ethylene glycol and potassium ferricyanide were purchased from SDFCL and used as received.
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3

Green Synthesis of Bismuth Vanadate Photocatalyst

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Bismuth nitrate (Bi(NO3)3·5H2O), ammonium vanadate (NH4VO3), titanium dioxide (Degussa P25), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric acid (HNO3) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), ethanol, acetone and BG-11 ingredients were purchased from VWR International (USA). All chemicals were of analytical grade and used without purification.
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4

Kinetic Analysis of MAT2A ATPase Activity

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ATP hydrolysis by MAT2A was analyzed in reactions with 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl2, and 200 μM ATP. Control reactions contained 10 μM ammonium vanadate (Sigma) and those with AdoMet contained 80 μM AdoMet (Sigma). Reactions were performed from 25 °C on a heat-block and were started with the addition of 5 μM MAT2A and timepoints were taken from 0-4 hrs and quenched in 0.01 M sulfuric acid and placed on ice. Samples were briefly centrifuged to pellet the precipitated protein. Samples were analyzed on a Waters HPLC using Waters C18 column 300 mm x 3.9 mm. The buffer system was buffer A: 12.5 mM KH2PO4 pH 6 + 2 mM tetrabutylammonium bisulfate and buffer B: 50% buffer A + 50 % acetonitrile. Samples were injected to a gradient program with 100% buffer A to 100% B. The amount of ADP formed for each timepoint was calculated based on the area under the curve of the ADP and ATP peaks. The concentration of ADP in each sample was determined by the ratio of the ADP peak compared to the total amount of ATP and ADP in the sample.
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5

Synthesis and Characterization of Antiviral Compounds

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Azithromycin (≥98%) was obtained as a gift from NODCAR, Giza, Egypt. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (≥98%), graphene oxide, ammonium vanadate (≥99%), uric acid (≥99%), methionine (≥99%), cysteine (≥97%), adenine (≥98%), guanine (≥98%), glutathione ((≥99%) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. 2-Aminobenzothiazole (2-ABTHZ) (≥98%), dopamine HCl (≥98%) and glucose (≥97%) were purchased from Merck. Potassium permanganate, ascorbic acid, sodium nitrate, hydrochloric acid (37%), ferrocyanide, ferricyanide, boric acid, phosphoric acid (85%) and acetic acid (≥97%) were purchased from El-Nasr for intermediate chemicals, Cairo, Egypt. Double distilled water (DDW) was used along the whole study. Zithromax® capsules (500 mg AZM) and hydroquine® tablets (200 mg HCQ) were obtained from local markets.
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