Mice were kept in the dark for 12 h and anesthetized by IP injection of a mixture of 50 mg ketamine and xylazine/kg bodyweight. Pupils were dilated using phenylephrine (Bausch and Lomb, Tampa, FL, USA). A reference electrode was placed between the eyes, and a ground electrode was inserted into the tail. Recording for both eyes was performed simultaneously with balanced electrical impedance. Scotopic and photopic ERG was measured (LKC Technologies Bigshot Ganzfeld Stimulator, Gaithersburg, MD, USA), as previously described [4 (link)].
Phenylephrine
Manufactured by Bausch & Lomb
Sourced in United States
Phenylephrine is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It functions as a sympathomimetic agent, which means it mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. Phenylephrine is commonly used as a vasoconstrictor and decongestant in research and analytical settings.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Tropicamide, by Bausch & Lomb (9 mentions)
Proparacaine drops, by Bausch & Lomb (2 mentions)
Atropine drops, by Bausch & Lomb (2 mentions)
Bigshot ganzfeld stimulator, by LKC Technologies (1 mentions)
Zoletil, by Virbac (1 mentions)
Tetracaine, by Bausch & Lomb (1 mentions)
Iol master, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Ketamine hydrochloride, by Zoetis (1 mentions)
Proparacaine, by Bausch & Lomb (1 mentions)
Atropine sulfate, by Bausch & Lomb (1 mentions)
Rectal probe, by Braintree Scientific (1 mentions)
Xylazine, by Henry Schein (1 mentions)
Ketamine hydrochloride, by Henry Schein (1 mentions)
Spectralis hra, by Heidelberg Engineering (1 mentions)
Utas e3000 system, by LKC Technologies (1 mentions)
Vidisic, by Bausch & Lomb (1 mentions)
Phd ultra, by Harvard Apparatus (1 mentions)
13 protocols using phenylephrine
1
Scotopic and Photopic ERG Evaluation in Mice
2
Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Experimental CRVO
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The experiments were approved by the Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate, permission no. 2019-15-0201-01651. The approval included intravitreal bevacizumab intervention in experimental CRVO. A total of 9 Danish Landrace pigs, weighing 30-40 kg, were used for the experiments and housed under a 12 h light/dark cycle. The animals were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of Zoletil (Virbac, Carros, France) (ketamine 6.25 mg/mL, tiletamine 6.25 mg/mL, zolazepam 6.25 mg/mL, xylain 6.25 mg/mL, and butorphanol 1.25 mg/mL). During anesthesia the animals were observed by a veterinarian or an anesthesiologist for vital parameters and if needed the trachea was intubated and the animal was manually ventilated until the animal was awake again. Topical anesthesia was performed with Oxybuprocaine Hydro 0.4% (Bausch & Lomb, Kingston Upon Thames, UK) and Tetracaine (Bausch & Lomb, Kingston Upon Thames, UK). Dilation of the pupils was performed with Tropicamide 1.0% (Bausch & Lomb, Kingston Upon Thamas, UK) and Phenylephrine 10% (Bausch & Lomb, Kingston Upon Thames, UK) [25] (link). After the last operation, the animals were eventually euthanized with an overdose of pentobarbital (Le Vet, Oudewater, The Netherlands).
3
Myopic Maculopathy in Floaters and Retinal Assessment
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Seventy eyes of 70 participants were recruited from ophthalmology clinics in South Australia. Their reason for attending the clinic were new onset floaters (51 eyes, all with posterior vitreous detachment), optometric initiated review for retinal assessment of myopic eyes (16 eyes), ocular hypertension (one eye, no structural or posterior segment abnormality), and previous retinal detachment or retinal tear in the contralateral eye (two eyes, both had posterior vitreous detachment with no retinal pathology). Myopic maculopathy was present in 13 participants: 3 with a tessellated fundus (category 1 in the International photographic classification of myopic maculopathy[18 (link)]), 4 with diffuse chorio-retinal atrophy (category 2), and 6 with patchy choroidal atrophy (category 3). Participant age range was 33–83 years (median 62 years), with axial length from 21.11–36.88 mm (median 24.52 mm), measured with the Zeiss IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Germany). There were 40 right eyes, and 30 left eyes, and 37 were female, 33 male. The study was undertaken with Southern Adelaide Clinical Human Research Ethics Committee approval, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. After written informed consent, eyes were dilated with one drop of tropicamide 1% (Bausch & Lomb, Chatswood, Australia), and one drop of phenylephrine 2.5% (Bausch & Lomb, Chatswood, Australia).
4
Ocular Infection Model in Rats
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Forty Long-Evans male rats (1–3 months, 200–250 g) purchased from Envigo Bioproducts Incorporated (Madison, WI) were used to induce the ocular infection model. The animals were handled and cared for according to the IIT Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) protocol with the principles embodied in the Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research adopted by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Animals were fed ad libitum. Animals were anesthetized using 0.8 mg/kg body weight of 100 mg/mL ketamine hydrochloride (Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA) and 0.1 mg/kg body weight of 100 mg/mL xylazine (AnaSed Injection, Akron, Inc., Decatur, IL) via intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Proparacaine drops (Bausch and Lomb, Rochester, NY) were used to anesthetize the corneas, and pupils were dilated using phenylephrine (Bausch and Lomb) and atropine drops (Bausch and Lomb). Heart rate and blood oxygen saturation were monitored with a Pulse Oximeter (8500AV; Nonin Medical, Inc., Plymouth, MN). Animals were placed on a custom-built heated stage and monitored to maintain a core body temperature of 37°C.
5
Göttingen Minipig Pupillary Dilation
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The study was approved by the Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate, permission no. 2019-15-0201-01651. Göttingen minipigs were housed under a 12 h light/dark cycle, and general anesthesia and topical anesthesia were performed as previously described [25 (link)]. The dilation of the pupils was performed with tropicamide 1.0% (Bausch & Lomb, Bridgewater, NJ, USA) and phenylephrine 10% (Bausch & Lomb, Bridgewater, NJ, USA).
6
Melanopsin-Cre Mouse Retinal Transduction
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The age of the mice ranged from P38 to P96 at the time of injection. Mice were anesthetized with Isoflurane and topical administration of proparacaine (0.5%; Bausch & Lomb). The pupils were dilated by topical administration of phenylephrine (2.5%; Bausch & Lomb) and atropine sulfate (1%; Bausch & Lomb) eye drops. A 32-gauge Hamilton syringe was used to inject 2 microliters of AAV-flex-plap into the superior part of the vitreous of right eyes. A total of 13 injections were made (11 into Opn4cre mice and 2 into C57BL/6J wild-type mice). No PLAP signal was detected in the retinas of wild-type mice. Visually detectible PLAP labeling was examined and quantified in the brains of 5 animals.
7
Photopic ERG Recording in Mice
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Photopic ERG recordings were performed on mice dark-adapted for two hours. Briefly, mice were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (150/10 mg/kg; ip), and the pupils were dilated for 10 min with sequential topical eye drops of 1% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine (Bausch & Lomb, Tampa, FL, USA). A total of 5 μL of filtered 1X PBS was added to the surface of the eyes to prevent corneal clouding and cataract formation. Body temperature was monitored by a rectal probe (Braintree Scientific, Braintree, MA, USA) and maintained at 35 °C to 37 °C using a plastic heating coil with 43 °C circulating water. ERG from both eyes was recorded simultaneously (UTAS BigShotTM system; LKC Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) after exposure to a background illumination of 30 cd m−2 white light for 10 min. Typically, the difference in the photopic b-wave amplitudes between the two eyes were <10%. Averaged responses to 90 flashes of the intensity of 25 cd s m−2 delivered at 1 Hz were recorded. A typical recording session lasted about 20 min for each animal.
8
Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice
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Mice were anesthetized with a mixture (i.p.) of Ketamine (Ketaset, Lyon, France, 75 mg/kg) and xylazine (Domitor 2%, 10mg/kg; Bayer Animal Health, Leverkusen, Germany). Pupils were dilated with a mixture of tropicamide 0.5% (Bausch and Lomb) and phenylephrine 1% (Bausch and Lomb) and a diode laser (wavelength 532 nm, Micron III, Phoenix Research, USA) with a power of 120 mW, an exposure time of 0.1 seconds and a spot size of 50 μm was used to induce 3–4 CNV lesions in the retina. Laser lesions were applied approximately two optic discs from the optic nerve, while avoiding major blood vessels. Vaporisation bubble formation confirmed the rupture of Bruch’s Membrane [31 ] and those spots that did not result in the formation of a bubble were excluded. Laser photocoagulation sites that developed CNV were analysed 1 week after laser application.
9
Ophthalmic Procedures in Long-Evans Rats
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All animal procedures were in accordance with protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Illinois Institute of Technology and with the principles embodied in the statement on the use of animals in ophthalmic and vision research adopted by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Long-Evans male rats (250–200 g) were purchased from ENVIGO Laboratories (Indianapolis, IN, USA). Animals were anesthetized using 80 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride (Henry Schein Animal Health, Dublin, OH, USA) and 10 mg/kg xylazine (Henry Schein Animal Health) through intraperitoneal injection. Proparacaine drops (Bausch and Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA) were used to anesthetize the corneas, followed by both phenylephrine (Bausch and Lomb) and atropine drops (Bausch and Lomb) to dilate the pupils. Heart rate and blood oxygen saturation were monitored with a pulse oximeter (8500 AV; Nonin Medical, Inc., Plymouth, MN, USA). Animals were placed on a heated stage to maintain a core body temperature of 37.5°C during any procedures and examinations.
10
In vivo Imaging of Mouse Retina
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Mice were imaged using a Spectralis HRA (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) with general anaesthesia.
Pupillary dilation was achieved by the application of a 1:1 mixture of 1% (w/v) tropicamide and 2.5% (w/v) phenylephrine (Bausch & Lomb) at least 5 min before imaging. A drop of hypromellose BPC 0.3% (w/v) (Martindale Pharma, Romford, UK) followed by a custom-made contact lens was applied to each cornea to prevent dehydration and cataract formation.44 (link)In near-infrared mode (820 nm laser) with a 55° lens, the focal plane was adjusted to the layer of maximum reflectance and an image acquired. Changing to autofluorescence mode (488 nm excitation laser, 500–700 nm emission detection), a series of images were acquired at sensitivity settings 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90. The automated real-time feature, without normalisation, was used to improve image quality. In near-infrared mode the focal plane was moved to the inner retina to acquire images of the ganglion cell layer in near-infrared and autofluorescence modes. Images of other areas of interest were acquired, but not using standardised settings.
Pupillary dilation was achieved by the application of a 1:1 mixture of 1% (w/v) tropicamide and 2.5% (w/v) phenylephrine (Bausch & Lomb) at least 5 min before imaging. A drop of hypromellose BPC 0.3% (w/v) (Martindale Pharma, Romford, UK) followed by a custom-made contact lens was applied to each cornea to prevent dehydration and cataract formation.44 (link)In near-infrared mode (820 nm laser) with a 55° lens, the focal plane was adjusted to the layer of maximum reflectance and an image acquired. Changing to autofluorescence mode (488 nm excitation laser, 500–700 nm emission detection), a series of images were acquired at sensitivity settings 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90. The automated real-time feature, without normalisation, was used to improve image quality. In near-infrared mode the focal plane was moved to the inner retina to acquire images of the ganglion cell layer in near-infrared and autofluorescence modes. Images of other areas of interest were acquired, but not using standardised settings.
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