Il 10

Celastrol (No. PS0048‐0020, purity ≥ 98%) was purchased from Push Bio‐Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Primary antibodies against anti‐rabbit α‐SMA (14395‐1‐AP), α(I) procollagen (14395‐1‐AP), fibronectin (15613‐1‐AP), PPARγ (16643‐1‐AP) and GAPDH (13937‐1‐AP) were purchased from proteintech. Primary antibodies against SIRT3 (#5490), p‐AMPK (#2537) and AMPK (#2532) were purchased from Cell Signalling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Primary antibody against PGC‐1α was purchased from Affinity (AF5395). Hydroxyproline examination kit (A030‐2‐1) was purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. ELISA kits including IL‐6 (H007), IL‐18 (H015), IL‐1β (H002), TNF‐α (H052), IFN‐γ (H025) and IL‐10 (H009) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. Dorsomorphin (Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor) (S7840) was purchased from Selleck. The primers used in real‐time PCR were from GenScript Co. Ltd. MegaTran 1.0 transfection reagent was from OriGene. SIRT3 enzyme activity detection kit (JK50288.2) was purchased from Shanghai Baoman Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

Sweet tea was collected from Sichuan Mu Jiang Ye Ke Tea Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS, molecular weight 36–50 kDa); salicylazosulfapyridine (SASP); and standards for SCFAs, including acetic acid, propanoic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, and isohexanoic acid, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The commercial kits for myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, LPS, and urine fecal occult blood were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). The rabbit polyclonal antibodies specific to Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43), G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A), histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), and NF-κB p65 were obtained from Abcam (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Four sanshools (purity ≥ 98%) were obtained from Medson Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, molecular weight 36,000–50,000 kDa) was provided by Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), T-AOC, malondialdehyde (MDA) kits, and ELISA kits of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were all obtained from Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Primary antibodies (anti-ZO-1, anti-occludin, anti-claudin-1, anti-p65, anti-p-p65 anti-IκB, anti-p-IκB, anti-actin) and secondary antibodies were obtained from the Biyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Shanghai, China).