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8 protocols using z levd fmk

1

SERPINB1 Regulates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

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Human IL-1β ELISA Set II, human TNF ELISA Set, human IL-6 ELISA Set and mouse IL-1β ELISA Set (BD OptEIA). THP1 cells (1 × 106 cells per well in a six-well plate) were transduced with scramble or shSERPINB1 lentivirus for 48 h and primed with 1 μg ml−1 LPS (0127:B8, Sigma) for 12 h. For NLRP3 inflammasome activation, THP1 cells were differentiated with 100 ng ml−1 phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (Calbiochem) for 72 h, transduced by scramble or shSERPINB1 lentivirus for 48 h, and primed with LPS (0.5–1 μg ml−1) overnight. Cells were washed by PBS and stimulated with control media for 3 h, 2 μM nigericin (Sigma) for 3 h, 10 μg ml−1 muramyl dipeptide (Sigma) for 6 h, 5 mM ATP (Sigma) for 1 h, 2.5 μg ml−1 flagellin (Invivogen) for 6 h, or 1 μg ml−1 poly(dA:dT)/LyoVec (Invivogen) for 6 h. For caspase inhibitor treatment, THP1 cells were transduced with scramble or shSERPINB1 lentivirus for 48 h, treated with indicated caspase inhibitors (20 μM) 1 h before LPS (1 μg ml−1, 12 h) priming. Caspase inhibitors include z-YVAD-FMK (Santa Cruz), z-LEVD-FMK (BioVision), z-WEHD-FMK (BioVision), z-DEVD-FMK (Santa Cruz) and z-VAD-FMK (Santa Cruz).
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2

Inhibition of TLR4 and NLRP3 Signaling

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GGA was a generous gift from Kuraray (Okayama, Japan). α-Tocopherol, oleic acid, thapsigargin, tunicamycin, C34 (TLR4 inhibitor), TLR4 siRNA (duplex of Hs TLR4 2250 s and as), and scrambled RNA (duplex of Mission SIC-001 s and as) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). TLR4 inhibitors TAK242 and VIPER (control peptide: CP7) were obtained from ChemScene Chemicals (Monmouth Junction, NJ, U.S.A.) and Novus Biologicals (Littleton, CO, U.S.A.), respectively. NLRP3 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation inhibitors MCC950 (CP-456773), BAY11-7082 (#T2846), and BI605906 (HY-1309) were from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TN, U.S.A.), Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan), and MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, U.S.A.), respectively. CASP4 inhibitor Z-LEVD-FMK was obtained from BioVision (Milpitas, CA, U.S.A.). Merck™ RIPA Lysis Buffer, 10× was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
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3

Cell Death Mechanisms in LPS Exposure

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Heparinized human blood samples (350 μL) were pre-incubated with one of the following compounds for 1 hour: IM-54 (Enzo Life Sciences), Wortmanin, Genistein, Tyrphostin, PD098059, Necrostatin-5, Z-VAD-FMK, AZD7762, Catalase, Tiron, Acetovanillone (Sigma), BAPTA/AM, YVAD-CHO, NS3694, Thapsigargin (Calbiochem), Z-IETD-FMK, Z-WEHD-FMK, Z-LEVD-FMK, Z-LEHD-FMK (BioVision), Z-YVAD-FMK (Santa Cruz). Concentrations were utilized according to previous reports and standardized to our conditions for optimal inhibitory performance. After treatment with the inhibitory compounds, samples were incubated with Br-LPS (1.3 pmol/mL) for 2 hours. Samples were further processed and analyzed by cytometry for cell death with Annexin V as described above.
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4

Inflammasome Activation Mechanism Study

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Poly(I:C) was obtained from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA). caspase-1 inhibitor (Z-YVAD-FMK) and caspase-4 inhibitor (Z-LEVD-FMK) were purchased from BioVision (Milpitas, CA). For immunohistochemical analysis and western blotting, we used the following specific antibodies: IL-1β and HMGB1 (Abcam, Cambridge, MA), caspase-1 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), NLRP3 and ASC (Adipogen, San Diego, CA), and actin, α-tubulin and laminB (Santa Cruz Biotechnologies, Santa Cruz, CA).
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5

Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection of PDLSCs

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Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) strain ATCC 33,277 was obtained from the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology at Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. P. gingivalis was grown on anaerobic blood agar plates with 80% N2, 10% H2, and 10% CO2 for 3–5 days. It was then inoculated into brain heart infusion broth supplemented with 5 μg/mL hemin and 1 μg/mL vitamin K for 24 h until reaching an optical density of 0.04 at 660 nm, corresponding to 108 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. The bacteria were washed and resuspended in α-MEM to infect the PDLSCs at multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of 1:10, 1:50, and 1:100 for 24 h. In some experiments, the PDLSCs were pretreated with Z-VAD-FMK (Sellect, United States), Z-YVAD-FMK (BioVision, United States), Z-LEVD-FMK (BioVision, United States) and DMSO (Sigma, United States) at the indicated concentrations for 1 h before bacterial infection.
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6

Caspase Inhibition and NF-κB Signaling

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Unless otherwise noted, chemicals were from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibody of α-actin was from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA). The antibody and siRNA of caspase 5 were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK and caspase-1 inhibitor Z-YVAD-FMK were from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA), and caspase 4/5 inhibitor Z-LEVD-FMK was from Biovision, Inc. (Milpitas, CA, USA). THP1 Blue NF-κB reporter monocyte and QUANTI-Blue were from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA, USA). TRIzol reagent, Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent (M-PER), Reverse Transcription kit, SYBR Green PCR master mixture, RNAiMAX, OPTI-MEM, and RPMI 1640 medium were from Thermal Fisher Scientific Inc. (Thermal Fisher, Rockford, IL, USA).
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7

Immune Activation and Inhibitor Assay

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LPS (from Escherichia coli 0111:B4), zymosan, dibenziodolium chloride (DPI), As2O3, bafilomycin A1, latrunculin B, cytocalasin D, and punicalagin were from Sigma-Aldrich; R848 was from Invivogen; 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA) was from Invitrogen; 17AAG and Ac-YVAD-CMK were from Cayman Chemical and Z-LEVD-FMK was from BioVision; CD14 MicroBeads was from Miltenyi Biotec.
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8

Induction of β-cell Stress Response

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β-like cells clusters were treated with 1 μM Tunicamycin (Sigma Aldrich T7765) for 16-20 hours, 1 μM VX-765 (Thermo Fisher Scientific 508389) for 2 days, or 2 μM Z-LEVD-FMK (BioVision 1108-100) for 2 days, followed by fixation in 4% PFA, and immunofluorescence staining as described above.
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