Distilled water

Fungal adhesion tests were performed by incubating rectangular samples that measured 10 × 10 × 2 mm stored in 500 ± 20 mL of distilled water (Avantor, Gliwice, Poland) for 24 h and 30 days at 37 ± 1 °C. The water was changed every 3 days. After storage, all samples were placed for 18 h in 1 mL of C. albicans ATCC 10231 suspension ~1.5 × 10⁵ CFU/mL in tryptone water at 37 °C and the methodology described in the work [34 (link)] was then used with modifications regarding the substrate used to determine cell adherence. The samples were vortexed in 1 mL of sterile water, 100 µL of undiluted obtained suspensions were seeded onto Sabouraud agar plates (bioMerieux) (Marcy l’Etoille, Lyon, France) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The number of cells was measured by counting the colonies (automatic colony counter ProtoCOL 3 PLUS, Synbiosis, Frederick, MD, USA).

Rectangular samples that measured 10 × 10 × 2 mm were stored in 500 ± 20 mL of distilled water (Avantor, Gliwice, Poland) for 24 h, 7 days and 30 days at 37 ± 1 °C. The water was changed every 3 days. After storage, the samples were dried at 37 ± 1 °C for 48 h in desiccators containing dried silica gel. The antifungal properties tests were carried out based on the previously described method [33 (link)]. Standard strains of Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (C. albicans) were used. Sterilized square samples were immersed individually in 1 mL of C. albicans suspensions containing approximately 1.5 × 10⁵ CFU/mL (CFU, colony-forming units) in tryptone water. C. albicans was tested as a positive control, pure tryptone water was tested as a negative control. The samples were incubated in a shaking incubator for 17 h at 35 °C for C. albicans and then 20 μL of suspension was seeded in Sabouraud agar plates (bioMerieux, (Marcy l’Etoille, Lyon, France). Cultured plates were incubated at 35 °C for 17 h, the colonies were counted and composite antifungal efficacy of the compounds was calculated: $$\mathrm{A}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{E}=\frac{{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{c}}-{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{t}}}{{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{c}}}\times 100\%$$
where V_c is the number of viable colonies of the positive control (BLANK), CFU/mL, V_t is the number of viable colonies of the test specimen, CFU/mL.

Pyrogallol was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. (Tokyo, Japan). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and Hydrogen peroxide solution were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Distilled water (DW), acetonitrile (ACN), and methanol were purchased from Honeywell Burdick & Jackson Co. (St. Harvey, MI, USA). Hydrogen peroxide was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).

HVA and VMA standards were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). LC–MS/MS-grade acetonitrile, methanol, and distilled water were purchased from Burdick & Jackson (Muskegon, MI, USA). Formic acid and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Mass Spect Gold Human Urine (MSG5000) was purchased from Golden West Diagnostics (Temecula, CA, USA). HVA-d₅ and VMA-d₃ were purchased from CDN Isotopes (Pointe-Clarie, Quebec, QC, Canada). Lyphocheck Urine Quality control (QC) samples were obtained from Bio Rad (Hercules, CA, USA).

Aceclofenac and esomeprazole magnesium dihydrate were supplied by Korea United Pharm. Inc. (Seoul, Korea). Diclofenac, lansoprazole, ammonium formate, sodium bicarbonate, and methylcellulose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC grade acetonitrile, methanol, and distilled water were purchased from J.T. Baker, Inc. (Philipsburg, NJ, USA). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 and citric acid were obtained from Junsei Chemical Co. (Tokyo, Japan), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was purchased from Kanto Chemical Co. (Tokyo, Japan), and urea was purchased from USB Co. (Cleveland, OH, USA).

The reference standard compounds for simultaneous analysis (Figure 3), bergapten (CAS No. 484-20-8, 98.0%, CFN98766) and schinifoline (CAS No. 80554-58-1, 99.1%, TBZ0836), were purchased from ChemFaces Biochemical Co. (Wuhan, China) and ChemNorm Biotech Co. (Wuhan, China), respectively. Solvents, methanol, acetonitrile, and distilled water were used at HPLC grade or LC–MS grade and were purchased from JT Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Acetic acid (≥99.7%, A35-500) and formic acid (≥99.7%, A117-50) were HPLC and LC-MS grades, respectively, and these were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA).