Cyanidin 3 galactoside chloride

Polyphenol standards were purchased from several firms. From Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), the standards obtained were (+)-catechin hydrate (C1251), (-)-epicatechin (E1753), quercetin dihydrate (Q0125), quercetin-3-rutinoside hydrate (R5143), quercetin-3-glucoside (17793), p-coumaric acid (C9008), and chlorogenic acid (C3878), and from Extrasynthese (Genay, France) procyanidin B1 (0983), procyanidin B2 (0984), quercetin-3-O-galactoside (1027 S), quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (1236 S), phloretin-2’-O-glucoside (1361 S), phloretin (1360 S), cyanidin-3-galactoside chloride (O923 S). Orto-phosphoric acid (85% HPLC-grade) was from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Methanol (HPLC grade) was from J.T. Baker (Gliwice, Poland).

Chemicals were purchased from several companies: Gram mol (Zagreb, Croatia): potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and magnesium chloride; Kemika (Zagreb, Croatia): ammonium carbonate; Carlo Erba Reagents (Val de Reuil, France): sodium chloride; Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland): orto-phosphoric acid 85% HPLC-grade; and J.T. Baker (Gliwice, Poland): methanol HPLC grade. Polyphenol standards ((+)-catechin hydrate, (−)-epicatechin, chlorogenic and p-coumaric acid, quercetin dihydrate, quercetin-3-rutinoside hydrate, quercetin-3-glucoside), and barley β-D-glucan, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Procyanidin B1 and B2, phloretin and phloretin-2′-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, and cyanidin-3-galactoside chloride were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).

Formic acid (LC-MS grade) was obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetonitrile (LC-MS grade) and methanol (LC-MS grade) were purchased from VWR International Srl (Milan, Italy). Liquid nitrogen was purchased from Rivoira (Milan, Italy). Sodium fluoride, phosphoric acid, glacial acetic acid, TPTZ, ABTS, iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, Trolox, potassium chloride, (+)-catechin, sodium carbonate, F-C reagent, quercetin-3-xyloside, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, naringenin-7-glucoside, and phloridzin were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Quercetin-3-rutinoside and potassium peroxydisulfate were purchased from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Quercetin-3-glucoside, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, cyanidin-3-galactoside chloride, and malvidin-3-glucoside chloride were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).
(−)-Epicatechin, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1, chlorogenic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside chloride, cyanidin-3-arabinoside chloride, phloretin, quercetin-3-arabinoside, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-4’-glucoside, and quercetin-3-rhamnoside were purchased from Phytolab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). Sodium acetate anhydrous was purchased from CHEMSOLUTE^® (Renningen, Germany). Hydrochloric acid from Fisher Chemical (Pittsburgh, UK). Deionized water was from MilliQ apparatus (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA, USA).