Perfluorobutanoic acid

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Australia

Perfluorobutanoic acid is a fluorinated carboxylic acid. It is a colorless, volatile liquid with a boiling point of approximately 150°C. The compound is often used as a chemical intermediate in various industrial applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

Perfluorohexanoic acid, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Perfluoropentanoic acid, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Perfluoroheptanoic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Perfluorooctanoic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Perfluorobutane sulfonate, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Perfluorononanoic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Perfluorodecanoic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Perfluorooctane sulfonate, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Pentafluoropropionic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Benzoquinone bq, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Perfluoroheptanoic acid pfhpa, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Perfluoroundecanoic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Perfluorooctanesulfonamide, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Methanol, by Avantor (1 mentions) Ammonium persulfate, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Aniline, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sodium glycodeoxycholate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

9 protocols using perfluorobutanoic acid

PFAS Reference Compound Acquisition

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Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA, 97%), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, 95%), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS, 98%), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA, 97%), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS, 99%), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA, 99%), and PFOS (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical (St Louis, MO, USA). PFOA was purchased from Fisher Chemical (Hanover park, IL, USA). Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA, >98%), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA, >98%), perfluoro-(¹³C4)-octanoic acid (¹³C4-PFOA, 99%), and perfluoro-(¹³C4)-octane sulfonic acid (¹³C4-PFOS, 99%) were purchased from Wellington laboratories (Guelph, ON, Canada).
Methanol of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade and ammonium acetate of analytical grade were purchased from Fisher Chemical Co. (Hanover park, IL, USA).

Liu Y., Li X., Wang X., Qiao X., Hao S., Lu J., Duan X., Dionysiou D.D, & Zheng B. (2019). Contamination Profiles of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Groundwater in the Alluvial–Pluvial Plain of Hutuo River, China. Water, 11(11), 1-2316.

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Plasma Protein Binding of PFAS Compounds

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The molecular structures of the 14 PFAS evaluated are in Figure S1 and physiochemical properties, such as molecular weight (MW) and logD shown in Table S1. The following fourteen PFAS were either obtained from Accustandard, Inc. (New Haven, CT, USA) or Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA): Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUDA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FtS), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Human, rat (Wistar-Han), and mouse (CD-1; C57BL/6) equal sex pooled (minimum of 3 male and 3 female) plasma was obtained from BioIVT (Hicksville, NY, USA). The equilibrium dialysis device (HTD96) and cellulose membranes with a molecular weight cutoff of 12–14 kDa were obtained from HTDialysis, LLC (Gales Ferry, CT, USA). Human, rat, and mouse albumin, along with all other reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich unless specified otherwise.

Ryu S., Burchett W., Zhang S., Modaresi S.M., Agudelo Areiza J., Kaye E., Fischer F.C, & Slitt A.L. (2024). Species-Specific Unbound Fraction Differences in Highly Bound PFAS: A Comparative Study across Human, Rat, and Mouse Plasma and Albumin. Toxics, 12(4), 253.

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Characterization of PFCA compounds

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Four perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) compounds including perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, 95%), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA, 97%), perfluoheptanoic acid (PFHpA, 99%), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA, 97%), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, ∼40% in H₂O) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich and they were used as reference materials. Additional descriptions of all chemical reagents and the sample preparation protocol were summarized in Supplementary Table S1.

Yu X.Y., Yang C., Gao J., Xiong J., Sui X., Zhong L., Zhang Y, & Son J. (2023). Molecular detection of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Frontiers in Chemistry, 11, 1253685.

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Quantitative Analysis of PFAS Compounds

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Aniline, ammonium persulfate (APS), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36–38%) and acetic acid were purchased from Macron (Center Valley, PA, USA). Methanol was obtained from VWR Chemicals (Radnor, PA, USA). Paper made of polyester fibers was obtained from Xerox (Norwalk, CT, USA). Silver conductive ink (Cat# 125-15) was purchased from Creative Materials (Ayer, MA, USA).

Chi T.Y., Chen Z, & Kameoka J. (2020). Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid Detection Using Molecularly Imprinted Polyaniline on a Paper Substrate. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 20(24), 7301.

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Characterizing Pharmaceutical Standards for Research

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Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (purity ≥ 95%), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (purity ≥ 98%), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (purity ≥ 97%), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) (purity ≥ 98%), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (purity ≥ 99%), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) (purity ≥ 97%), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (purity ≥ 97%) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) (purity ≥ 98%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). Ammonium perfluoro-(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate) (HFPO-DA, also known as GenX) (purity 99%) was obtained from Apollo Scientific (Cheshire, UK). 3H-perfluoro-3-[(3-methoxypropoxy) propanoic acid] (PMPP, also known as Adona) (purity > 98%) was obtained from Campro Scientific (Berlin, Germany).
Cyclosporine A (purity of 99%) was obtained from Biomol (Hamburg, Germany). Nefazodone (purity ≥ 98%), sodium deoxycholate (purity ≥ 97%), glycocholic acid hydrate (purity ≥ 97%), sodium glycochenodeoxycholate (purity ≥ 97%), sodium chenodeoxycholate (purity ≥ 97%), and sodium glycodeoxycholate (purity ≥ 97%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), GW7647, SR12813 and CITCO were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Rosiglitazone (purity ≥ 98%) was obtained from Cayman (Ann Arbor, USA).

Sadrabadi F., Alarcan J., Sprenger H., Braeuning A, & Buhrke T. (2023). Impact of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and PFAS mixtures on lipid metabolism in differentiated HepaRG cells as a model for human hepatocytes. Archives of Toxicology, 98(2), 507-524.

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Adsorption of Perfluorinated Compounds

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OBS was purchased from Wengjiang reagent Co. Ltd (Guangzhou, China), and its structural formula is shown in electronic supplementary material, table S1. Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS, potassium salts), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS, potassium salt) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, sodium salt) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Shell-activated carbon was obtained from Jingke Activated Carbon Co. (Tangshan, China). The ultrapure water was produced by a Milli-Q integral water purification system (Millipore, USA). The other chemicals were all analytical reagent grade.

Wang W., Mi X., Shi H., Zhang X., Zhou Z., Li C, & Zhu D. (2019). Adsorption behaviour and mechanism of the PFOS substitute OBS (sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate) on activated carbon. Royal Society Open Science, 6(9), 191069.

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Perfluorinated Compounds Analytical Methods

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Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, reagent grade purity ⩾ 96%), Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA, reagent grade purity 99 %), Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA, reagent grade purity ⩾ 98 %), Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPA, reagent grade purity ⩾ 98 %), Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, reagent grade purity ⩾ 98 %), Triton X-100, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid potassium salt (PFOS, reagent grade purity ⩾ 98 %) and methanol (HPLC PLUS grade 99.9%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ammonium acetate (reagent grade purity ⩾ 98%) was obtained from Fluka. Argon was purchased from Air Liquide with specified impurities of H2O (<0.5 ppm), of H2 (<0.1 ppm), O2 (<0.5 ppm), of CO2 (<0.5 ppm), of CO (<0.1 ppm) and THC (<0.1 ppm). Tap water, drawn from the lab drinking water faucet, had physical properties and chemical composition as described in a previous publication (Marotta et al., 2012) .

Saleem M., Tomei G., Beria M., Marotta E, & Paradisi C. (2022). Highly efficient degradation of PFAS and other surfactants in water with atmospheric RAdial plasma (RAP) discharge. Chemosphere, 307(Pt 2).

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PFAS Photocatalytic Degradation Protocol

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The chemical structure of common PFAS is shown in Fig. S1. PFOA (C 7 F 15 COOH, 95%), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA, C 6 F 13 COOH, 99%), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA, C 5 F 11 COOH, ≥ 97%), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA, C 4 F 9 COOH, 97%), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, C 3 F 7 COOH, 98%), pentafluoropropionic acid (PFPA, C 2 F 5 COOH, 97%) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, CF 3 COOH, ≥ 99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Australia.
Evonik, Germany kindly supplied TiO 2 (P25). Oxone (2KHSO 5 •KHSO 4 •K 2 SO 4 , 97% purity) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Australia. The scavengers of tert-butanol (t-BuOH), disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-Na 2 ) and benzoquinone (BQ) were also bought from Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals in this study were used as received, and all the solutions were prepared using ultra-pure water obtained from Milli-Q water system.

Xu B., Ahmed M.B., Zhou J.L, & Altaee A. (2020). Visible and UV photocatalysis of aqueous perfluorooctanoic acid by TiO₂ and peroxymonosulfate: Process kinetics and mechanistic insights. Chemosphere, 243.

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Perfluorinated Acids and Catalysts in Analytical Studies

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PFOA (C7F15COOH, 95%), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA, C6F13COOH, 99%), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA, C5F11COOH, ≥ 97%), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA, C4F9COOH, 97%), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, C3F7COOH, 98%), pentafluoropropionic acid (PFPA, C2F5COOH, 97%) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, CF3COOH, ≥ 99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Australia. Catalyst materials of gallium oxide (Ga2O3) and Oxone ® were directly used without further treatment. The scavengers tert-butanol (t-BuOH), disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-Na2) and benzoquinone (BQ) were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. All solutions were prepared using ultra-pure water, obtained from distil chamber and a Milli-Q system.

Xu B., Zhou J.L., Altaee A., Ahmed M.B., Johir M.A.H., Ren J, & Li X. (2020). Improved photocatalysis of perfluorooctanoic acid in water and wastewater by Ga₂O₃/UV system assisted by peroxymonosulfate. Chemosphere, 239.

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